Anna May Wong

As a child in Los Angeles, Wong Liu Tsong knew she wanted to be an actress. Adopting the screen name Anna May Wong and dropping out of school to pursue her passion, Wong landed her first lead role at age 17. Despite Hollywood racism that would limit the types of roles she would receive, Wong’s impressive career spanned over 60 films, in addition to stage and television work, and she was the first Asian American woman to be awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Joining me in this episode is Dr. Yunte Huang, Professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and author of Daughter of the Dragon: Anna May Wong’s Rendezvous with American History.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Anna May Wong singing in three languages -Rudy Vallee Radio Show from July 11, 1935,” posted on YouTube by Robert Fells, who attributes the original discs to Jerry Haendiges. The episode image is a press photograph of Anna May Wong, from: Press photographs of Anna May Wong, 1930s, Postcards and Press Photographs of Anna May Wong, circa 1930-1981, MS Thr 2095 Case 1, Folder 4. Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.Additional Sources: “Anna May Wong, 1905-1961,” by Kerri Lee Alexander, National Women’s History Museum. “Life Story: Anna May Wong (1905–1961): The First Asian American Movie Star,” Women and the American Story, New York Historical Society. “Anna May Wong: Trendsetting Movie Star and Fashion Icon / 1905-1961 [video],” UNLADYLIKE2020. “Actress Anna May Wong Championed Asian American Representation in More than 60 Films,” by Chelsea Cozad, Smithsonian, October 24, 2022. “Anna May Wong: the legacy of a groundbreaking Asian American star,” by Pamela Hutchinson, The Guardian, October 19, 2022. “The True Story of Anna May Wong and The Good Earth,” by Yohana Desta, Vanity Fair, May 1, 2020. “Lucy Liu Speaks Out for More Diversity at Hollywood Walk of Fame,” by Jordan Moreau, Variety, May 1, 2019. “Anna May Wong Will Be the First Asian American on U.S. Currency,” by Soumya Karlamangla, New York Times, October 18, 2022.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As a child in Los Angeles, Wong Liu Tsong knew she wanted to be an actress. Adopting the screen name Anna May Wong and dropping out of school to pursue her passion, Wong landed her first lead role at age 17. Despite Hollywood racism that would limit the types of roles she would receive, Wong’s impressive career spanned over 60 films, in addition to stage and television work, and she was the first Asian American woman to be awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Joining me in this episode is <a href="http://www.yuntehuang.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Yunte Huang</a>, Professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781631495809" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Daughter of the Dragon: Anna May Wong’s Rendezvous with American History</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrC08bahBm0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna May Wong singing in three languages -Rudy Vallee Radio Show from July 11, 1935</a>,” posted on YouTube by Robert Fells, who attributes the original discs to Jerry Haendiges. The episode image is a <a href="https://nrs.lib.harvard.edu/urn-3:fhcl.hough:102767729" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">press photograph of Anna May Wong</a>, from: Press photographs of Anna May Wong, 1930s, Postcards and Press Photographs of Anna May Wong, circa 1930-1981, MS Thr 2095 Case 1, Folder 4. Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/anna-may-wong" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna May Wong, 1905-1961</a>,” by Kerri Lee Alexander, National Women’s History Museum.</li> <li>“<a href="https://wams.nyhistory.org/confidence-and-crises/jazz-age/anna-may-wong/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Life Story: Anna May Wong (1905–1961): The First Asian American Movie Star</a>,” Women and the American Story, New York Historical Society.</li> <li>“<a href="https://unladylike2020.com/profile/anna-may-wong/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna May Wong: Trendsetting Movie Star and Fashion Icon / 1905-1961 [video]</a>,” UNLADYLIKE2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://womenshistory.si.edu/stories/2022/10/actress-anna-may-wong-championed-asian-american-representation-more-60-films" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Actress Anna May Wong Championed Asian American Representation in More than 60 Films</a>,” by Chelsea Cozad, Smithsonian, October 24, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/oct/19/anna-may-wong-hollywood-legacy-us-currency" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna May Wong: the legacy of a groundbreaking Asian American star</a>,” by Pamela Hutchinson, The Guardian, October 19, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2020/05/hollywood-ryan-murphy-anna-may-wong" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The True Story of Anna May Wong and The Good Earth</a>,” by Yohana Desta, Vanity Fair, May 1, 2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://variety.com/2019/film/news/lucy-liu-hollywood-walk-of-fame-second-asian-american-actress-1203202691/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lucy Liu Speaks Out for More Diversity at Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>,” by Jordan Moreau, Variety, May 1, 2019.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/18/us/anna-may-wong-quarter.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna May Wong Will Be the First Asian American on U.S. Currency</a>,” by Soumya Karlamangla, New York Times, October 18, 2022.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

When Anna Rosenberg Hoffman died in 1983, the New York Times called her “one of the most influential women in the country's public affairs for a quarter of a century.” A skilled labor mediator and advisor to four U.S. presidents, Rosenberg, a Jewish immigrant from Hungary, stood up to Senator Joe McCarthy and was confirmed by the Senate as Assistant Secretary of Defense in 1950, making her the then-highest ranking woman in the history of the Department of Defense. It was only one of many firsts in her storied career.Joining me in this episode to help tell the story of Anna Rosenberg is history teacher and writer Christopher C. Gorham, author of The Confidante: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Helped Win WWII and Shape Modern America.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Heartwarming," composed and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is “Portrait of Anna M. Rosenberg, Assistant Secretary of Defense, at her desk in the Pentagon,” taken on February 2, 1951, credit: United States Army; the image is in the PUblic Domain and is available via the Harry S. Truman Library &amp; Museum.Additional Sources: “One of the most important women in American history has been forgotten,” by Christopher C. Gorham, The Washington Post, May 30, 2023. “Papers of Anna Rosenberg Hoffman, 1870-1983,” Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute. “MANPOWER: The Buffalo Plan,” Time Magazine, September 27, 1943. “Senators Confirm Anna M. Rosenberg,” The New York Times, December 22, 1950. “Lessons of the Anna M. Rosenberg Hearings: Where Congressional Investigations Go Wrong,” by Herrymon Maurer, Commentary, May 1951. “Anna Rosenberg Hoffman Dead; Consultant And 50's Defense Aide,” by Eric Pace, The New York Times, May 10, 1983. "Anna M. Rosenberg, an ‘Honorary Man,’" by Anna Kasten Nelson, The Journal of Military History 68, no. 1 (2004): 133-161. “Anna M. Rosenberg and Women in Defense after World War II,” by Stephanie Hinnershitz, National WWII Museum, March 18, 2022. “Anna M. Rosenberg, Social Security History. “Anna Rosenberg,” by Susan L. Tananbaum, The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. “Anna M. Rosenberg (1902 - 1983),” Jewish Virtual Library.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

When Anna Rosenberg Hoffman died in 1983, the New York Times called her “one of the most influential women in the country's public affairs for a quarter of a century.” A skilled labor mediator and advisor to four U.S. presidents, Rosenberg, a Jewish immigrant from Hungary, stood up to Senator Joe McCarthy and was confirmed by the Senate as Assistant Secretary of Defense in 1950, making her the then-highest ranking woman in the history of the Department of Defense. It was only one of many firsts in her storied career.Joining me in this episode to help tell the story of Anna Rosenberg is history teacher and writer <a href="https://www.christophercgorham.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Christopher C. Gorham</a>, author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9780806542003" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Confidante: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Helped Win WWII and Shape Modern America</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/mp3-royaltyfree/Heartwarming.mp3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Heartwarming</a>," composed and performed by <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/music.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kevin MacLeod</a>, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is “<a href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/97-1847" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Portrait of Anna M. Rosenberg, Assistant Secretary of Defense, at her desk in the Pentagon</a>,” taken on February 2, 1951, credit: United States Army; the image is in the PUblic Domain and is available via the Harry S. Truman Library &amp; Museum. Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/05/30/anna-rosenberg-history/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">One of the most important women in American history has been forgotten</a>,” by Christopher C. Gorham, The Washington Post, May 30, 2023.</li> <li>“<a href="https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/5107" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Papers of Anna Rosenberg Hoffman, 1870-1983</a>,” Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute.</li> <li>“<a href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,850364-1,00.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">MANPOWER: The Buffalo Plan</a>,” Time Magazine, September 27, 1943.</li> <li>“<a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/12/22/82087709.html?pageNumber=12" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Senators Confirm Anna M. Rosenberg</a>,” The New York Times, December 22, 1950.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/herrymon-maurer/lessons-of-the-anna-m-rosenberg-hearingswhere-congressional-investigations-go-wrong/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lessons of the Anna M. Rosenberg Hearings: Where Congressional Investigations Go Wrong</a>,” by Herrymon Maurer, Commentary, May 1951.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/10/obituaries/anna-rosenberg-hoffman-dead-consultant-and-50-s-defense-aide.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna Rosenberg Hoffman Dead; Consultant And 50's Defense Aide</a>,” by Eric Pace, The New York Times, May 10, 1983.</li> <li>"<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/50666/pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna M. Rosenberg, an ‘Honorary Man</a>,’" by Anna Kasten Nelson, The Journal of Military History 68, no. 1 (2004): 133-161.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/anna-m-rosenberg-world-war-ii" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna M. Rosenberg and Women in Defense after World War II</a>,” by Stephanie Hinnershitz, National WWII Museum, March 18, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.ssa.gov/history/annar.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna M. Rosenberg</a>, Social Security History.</li> <li>“<a href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/rosenberg-anna-marie-lederer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna Rosenberg</a>,” by Susan L. Tananbaum, The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/anna-m-rosenberg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Anna M. Rosenberg (1902 - 1983)</a>,” Jewish Virtual Library.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Anna Rosenberg

In the early 20th century, career options for Black workers were limited, and the jobs often came with low pay and poor conditions. Ironically, because they were concentrated in certain jobs, Black workers  sometimes monopolized those jobs and had collective power to demand better conditions and higher pay. The Pullman Company, founded in 1862, hired only Black men to serve as porters on Pullman cars, since George M. Pullman thought that formerly enslaved men would know how to be good, invisible servants and that they would work for low wages. In 1925, the Pullman Porters formed their own union, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, with A. Philip Randolph serving as president. After years of struggle, in 1935, the Pullman Company finally recognized the union, and it was granted a charter by the American Federation of Labor (AFL), making the Brotherhood the first Black union it accepted. Joining me in this episode to help us learn about the Black working class is historian Dr. Blair L. M. Kelley, the Joel R. Williamson Distinguished Professor of Southern Studies at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and the incoming director of the Center for the Study of the American South and author of Black Folk: The Roots of the Black Working Class.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Pullman Porter Blues,” music and lyrics by Clifford Ulrich and Burton Hamilton; performed by Clarence Williams on September 30, 1921; the recording is in the public domain.The episode image is: “J.W. Mays, Pullman car porter,” photographed by C.M. Bell, 1894; the photograph is in the public domain and available via the Library of Congress.Additional Sources: “George Pullman: His Impact on the Railroad Industry, Labor, and American Life in the Nineteenth Century,” by Rosanne Lichatin,” History Resources, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.  “The Rise and Fall of the Sleeping Car King,” by Jack Kelly, Smithsonian Magazine, January 11, 2019. “The Pullman Strike, by Richard Schneirov, Northern Illinois University Digital Library. “Pullman Porters,” History.com, Originally published February 11, 2019, and updated October 8, 2021. “The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters,” by Brittany Hutchinson, Chicago History Museum. “Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1925-1978),” by Daren Salter, BlackPast, November 24, 2007. “A. Philip Randolph Was Once “the Most Dangerous Negro in America,” by Peter Dreier, Jacobin, January 31, 2023.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the early 20th century, career options for Black workers were limited, and the jobs often came with low pay and poor conditions. Ironically, because they were concentrated in certain jobs, Black workers  sometimes monopolized those jobs and had collective power to demand better conditions and higher pay. The Pullman Company, founded in 1862, hired only Black men to serve as porters on Pullman cars, since George M. Pullman thought that formerly enslaved men would know how to be good, invisible servants and that they would work for low wages. In 1925, the Pullman Porters formed their own union, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, with A. Philip Randolph serving as president. After years of struggle, in 1935, the Pullman Company finally recognized the union, and it was granted a charter by the American Federation of Labor (AFL), making the Brotherhood the first Black union it accepted. Joining me in this episode to help us learn about the Black working class is historian <a href="https://www.profblmkelley.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Blair L. M. Kelley</a>, the Joel R. Williamson Distinguished Professor of Southern Studies at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and the incoming director of the Center for the Study of the American South and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781631496554" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Black Folk: The Roots of the Black Working Class</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--1adVIetKo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pullman Porter Blues</a>,” music and lyrics by Clifford Ulrich and Burton Hamilton; performed by Clarence Williams on September 30, 1921; the recording is in the public domain.The episode image is: “<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/bellcm.09028/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">J.W. Mays, Pullman car porter</a>,” photographed by C.M. Bell, 1894; the photograph is in the public domain and available via the Library of Congress. Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/lesson-plan/george-pullman-his-impact-railroad-industry-labor-and-american-life" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">George Pullman: His Impact on the Railroad Industry, Labor, and American Life in the Nineteenth Century</a>,” by Rosanne Lichatin,” <a href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History Resources</a>, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. </li> <li>“<a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/rise-fall-sleeping-car-king-180971240/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Rise and Fall of the Sleeping Car King</a>,” by Jack Kelly, Smithsonian Magazine, January 11, 2019.</li> <li>“<a href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/gildedage/pullman" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Pullman Strike</a>, by Richard Schneirov, Northern Illinois University Digital Library.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/pullman-porters" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pullman Porters</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally published February 11, 2019, and updated October 8, 2021.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.chicagohistory.org/bscp/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters,</a>” by <a href="https://www.chicagohistory.org/blog/?author=Brittany%20Hutchinson" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Brittany Hutchinson</a>, Chicago History Museum.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/brotherhood-sleeping-car-porters-1925-1978/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1925-1978)</a>,” by Daren Salter, BlackPast, November 24, 2007.</li> <li>“<a href="https://jacobin.com/2023/01/a-philip-randolph-socialist-civil-rights-labor-organizing-bscp-march-on-washington" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A. Philip Randolph Was Once “the Most Dangerous Negro in America,</a>” by Peter Dreier, Jacobin, January 31, 2023.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Pullman Porters & the History of the Black Working Class

In 1894, Mary P. Evans, wrote in the Woman’s Era, a Black women’s magazine, that exercise: “enables you to keep in the best condition for work with the hands or with the brain… It prepares you to meet disappointment, sorrow, ill treatment, and great suffering as the strong, courageous and splendid woman meets them. It is a great aid to clear, quick, and right thinking.” She wasn’t the only Black woman of the day encouraging Black women and girls to exercise as a way of improving not just themselves but also the whole race. Despite the lack of facilities and obstacles in their way, Black women and girls aspired to physical fitness. In 2010, Michelle Obama, the first Black First Lady of the United States echoed Mary P. Evans, encouraging everyone to pursue physical fitness with the “Let’s Move” campaign. Joining me in this episode is Dr. Ava Purkiss, assistant professor of women's and gender studies and American culture at the University of Michigan and author of Fit Citizens: A History of Black Women's Exercise from Post-Reconstruction to Postwar America.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is Sunburst Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Nesrality from Pixabay and is used via the Pixabay Content License.The episode image is “Atlanta University, Founder's Day Drill,” from The Harmon Foundation Collection: Kenneth Space Photographs of the Activities of Southern Black Americans and available in the public domain via the National Archives (NAID: 26174852; Local ID: H-HS-2-214).Additional Sources: “First Lady Michelle Obama Launches Let's Move: America's Move to Raise a Healthier Generation of Kids,” White House Press Release, February 9, 2010. “African Americans and the YMCA (Archives and Special Collections),” University of Minnesota LIbraries. “A Brief History Of Diversity And Inclusion At The Y,” The YMCA of San Diego County, July 27, 2017. “Our History,” Boston University College of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College. “Olivia A. Davidson (1854-1889),” by Nana Lawson Bush, BlackPast, January 19, 2007. “Physical Education Pioneer Maryrose Reeves Allen Dies,” The Washington Post, January 17, 1992. “The 'Hidden Figures' of Physical Education: Black Women Who Paved the Way in PE,” by Tara B. Blackshear and Brian Culp, Momentum magazine, co-authors, February 15, 2022. “Addressing Racism In The Fitness Industry Requires Understanding Its Roots,” by Rodney J. Morris and Pamela Kufahl, Club Industry, October 6, 2020. “A healthful legacy: Michelle Obama looks to the future of ‘Let’s Move,’” by Krissah Thompson and Tim Carman, The Washington Post, May 3, 2015.  Tweet by Michele Obama as First Lady, May 19, 2015.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1894, Mary P. Evans, wrote in the Woman’s Era, a Black women’s magazine, that exercise: “enables you to keep in the best condition for work with the hands or with the brain… It prepares you to meet disappointment, sorrow, ill treatment, and great suffering as the strong, courageous and splendid woman meets them. It is a great aid to clear, quick, and right thinking.” She wasn’t the only Black woman of the day encouraging Black women and girls to exercise as a way of improving not just themselves but also the whole race. Despite the lack of facilities and obstacles in their way, Black women and girls aspired to physical fitness. In 2010, Michelle Obama, the first Black First Lady of the United States echoed Mary P. Evans, encouraging everyone to pursue physical fitness with the “Let’s Move” campaign. Joining me in this episode is <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ac/people/faculty/apurkiss.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Ava Purkiss</a>, assistant professor of women's and gender studies and American culture at the University of Michigan and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781469672724" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fit Citizens: A History of Black Women's Exercise from Post-Reconstruction to Postwar America</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is <a href="https://pixabay.com/music/solo-piano-ragtime-piano-sunburst-rag-by-james-scott-1909-pd-112106/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sunburst Ra</a>g, composed by James Scott and performed by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/nesrality-22721863/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Nesrality</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com/music//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=124112" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a> and is used via the Pixabay Content License.The episode image is “<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26174852" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Atlanta University, Founder's Day Drill</a>,” from The Harmon Foundation Collection: Kenneth Space Photographs of the Activities of Southern Black Americans and available in the public domain via the National Archives (NAID: 26174852; Local ID: H-HS-2-214). Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/first-lady-michelle-obama-launches-lets-move-americas-move-raise-a-healthier-genera" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">First Lady Michelle Obama Launches Let's Move: America's Move to Raise a Healthier Generation of Kids</a>,” White House Press Release, February 9, 2010.</li> <li>“<a href="https://libguides.umn.edu/c.php?g=1088894&amp;p=7940991#:~:text=Segregation%20of%20YMCAs%20as%20a,designations%20in%20all%20its%20publications." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">African Americans and the YMCA (Archives and Special Collections)</a>,” University of Minnesota LIbraries.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.ymcasd.org/about-y/news-center/people-social-services-stories/brief-history-diversity-and-inclusion-y#:~:text=Women%20in%20the%20YMCA&amp;text=The%20Brooklyn%20YMCA%20is%20the,banned%20outright%20by%20the%20YMCA." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A Brief History Of Diversity And Inclusion At The Y</a>,” The YMCA of San Diego County, July 27, 2017.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.bu.edu/sargent/about-us/our-history/#:~:text=Sargent%20founded%20the%20Sargent%20School,pulley%20systems%20with%20adjustable%20weights." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Our History</a>,” Boston University College of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/davidson-olivia-1854-1889/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Olivia A. Davidson (1854-1889)</a>,” by Nana Lawson Bush, BlackPast, January 19, 2007.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1992/01/17/physical-education-pioneer-maryrose-reeves-allen-dies/d8d2a231-8490-4d78-bba3-dbc75c8fc998/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Physical Education Pioneer Maryrose Reeves Allen Dies</a>,” The Washington Post, January 17, 1992.</li> <li>“<a href="https://issuu.com/shapeamerica/docs/the_hidden_figures_of_physical_education_momentum_" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The 'Hidden Figures' of Physical Education: Black Women Who Paved the Way in PE</a>,” by Tara B. Blackshear and Brian Culp, Momentum magazine, co-authors, February 15, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.clubindustry.com/leadership-management/addressing-racism-fitness-industry-requires-understanding-its-roots" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Addressing Racism In The Fitness Industry Requires Understanding Its Roots</a>,” by Rodney J. Morris and Pamela Kufahl, Club Industry, October 6, 2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/a-healthful-legacy-michelle-obama-looks-to-the-future-of-lets-move/2015/05/03/19feb42c-b3cc-11e4-886b-c22184f27c35_story.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A healthful legacy: Michelle Obama looks to the future of ‘Let’s Move</a>,’” by Krissah Thompson and Tim Carman, The Washington Post, May 3, 2015.</li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/FLOTUS44/status/600837307919302656?s=20" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tweet by Michele Obama as First Lady</a>, May 19, 2015. </li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

The History of Black Women & Physical Fitness in the United States

In the American colonies and then in the antebellum United States, the legal system reinforced the power and authority of slaveholders by allowing them to physically abuse the people they enslaved while severely punishing enslaved people for even minor offenses. Some enslaved women, who could find no justice in the courts, sought their own justice through lethal resistance, murdering their enslavers. Joining me now to help us understand the enslaved women who chose lethal resistance, what drove them, and why these stories are important to tell, is Dr. Nikki M. Taylor, Professor of History at Howard University and author of several books, including Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women's Lethal Resistance.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Desire for Freedom” by Lexin_Music from Pixabay and is used via the Pixabay Content License. The image is “Silhouette portrait of slave Bietja,” by Jan Brandes; it is available in the public domain.Additional Sources:  Surviving Southampton: African American Women and Resistance in Nat Turner's Community, by Vanessa M. Holden, University of Illinois Press, 2021.  Wake: The Hidden History of Women-Led Slave Revolts, by Rebecca Hall, Simon &amp; Schuster, 2021. “Poetry of Defiance: How the Enslaved Resisted,” Zinn Education Project Teaching Activity, by Adam Sanchez. “Slave codes,” National Park Service. “The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice,” by William Goodell, 1853, Published in Learning for Justice. “Hidden Voices: Enslaved Women in the Lowcountry and U.S. South,” The Lowcountry Digital History Initiative (LDHI). "Thrice Condemned: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Practice of Leniency in Antebellum Virginia Courts," by Tamika Y. Nunley, Journal of Southern History 87, no. 1 (2021): 5-34.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the American colonies and then in the antebellum United States, the legal system reinforced the power and authority of slaveholders by allowing them to physically abuse the people they enslaved while severely punishing enslaved people for even minor offenses. Some enslaved women, who could find no justice in the courts, sought their own justice through lethal resistance, murdering their enslavers. Joining me now to help us understand the enslaved women who chose lethal resistance, what drove them, and why these stories are important to tell, is <a href="https://profiles.howard.edu/nikki-taylor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Nikki M. Taylor</a>, Professor of History at Howard University and author of several books, including <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781009276849" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women's Lethal Resistance</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://pixabay.com/music/build-up-scenes-desire-for-freedom-124112/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Desire for Freedom</a>” by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/lexin_music-28841948/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=124112" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lexin_Music</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com/music//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=124112" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a> and is used via the Pixabay Content License. The image is “<a href="https://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/YR0226803/Silhouette-portrait-of-slave-Bietja" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Silhouette portrait of slave Bietja</a>,” by Jan Brandes; it is available in the public domain. Additional Sources:<ul> <li> <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9780252085857" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Surviving Southampton: African American Women and Resistance in Nat Turner's Community</a>, by Vanessa M. Holden, University of Illinois Press, 2021.</li> <li> <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781982115197" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Wake: The Hidden History of Women-Led Slave Revolts</a>, by Rebecca Hall, Simon &amp; Schuster, 2021.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/poetry-of-defiance/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Poetry of Defiance: How the Enslaved Resisted</a>,” Zinn Education Project Teaching Activity, by Adam Sanchez.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsE.htm#:~:text=All%20slave%20codes%20made%20slavery,a%20party%20to%20a%20contract." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Slave codes</a>,” National Park Service.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.learningforjustice.org/classroom-resources/texts/hard-history/the-american-slave-code-in-theory-and-practice" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice</a>,” by William Goodell, 1853, Published in Learning for Justice.</li> <li>“<a href="https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/hidden-voices/resisting-enslavement" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hidden Voices: Enslaved Women in the Lowcountry and U.S. South</a>,” The Lowcountry Digital History Initiative (LDHI).</li> <li>"<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/781710" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Thrice Condemned: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Practice of Leniency in Antebellum Virginia Courts</a>," by Tamika Y. Nunley, Journal of Southern History 87, no. 1 (2021): 5-34. </li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Enslaved Women who Murdered their Enslavers

Sometime in the mid-1780s, Jean-Baptiste Pointe DuSable, a Black man from Saint-Domingue, and his Potawatomi wife, Kitihawa, settled with their family on a swampy site near Lake Michigan called Eschecagou, “land of the wild onions.” The homestead and trading post they built on the mouth of the Chicago River, with a comfortably appointed cabin, workshop, bake house, stable, smokehouse, and more, was the first settlement on what would become the city of Chicago. Their importance was long forgotten, but in 2006, the Chicago City Council belatedly voted to amend the Municipal Code of Chicago to add DuSable as the city’s official founder. Joining me in this episode is Dr. Courtney P. Joseph, Associate Professor of History and African American Studies at Lake Forest College who is writing a book titled DuSable’s Diaspora: Haiti, Blackness, and Belonging in Chicago.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode audio is: “Chicago (that Toddling Town),” written by Fred Fisher and performed by Jazz-Bo’s Carolina Serenaders in 1922; the audio is in the public domain and is available via the Internet Archive.The episode image is a photograph of the bust of DuSable just north of DuSable Bridge in Chicago; the bust was created by Erik Blome in 2009; the photograph was taken by Matthew Weflen on June 17, 2023, and is used with permission.Organizations: DuSable Heritage Association Friends of the Park DuSable Black History Museum and Education Center Sources: “Chicago's Authentic Founder: Jean Baptiste Point Dusable Or Haitian Secret Agent In The Old Northwest Outpost 1745-1818,” by Marc Rosier, Trafford Publishing, 2015. “Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the First Chicagoan,” by Thomas A. Meehan, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 56, No. 3, Emancipation Centennial Issue (Autumn, 1963), pp. 439-453. “The Father of Chicago: Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable,” by John R. Schmidt, WBEZ Chicago, August 8, 2011. “'The First White Man in Chicago Was a Negro'?” by Henry Louis Gates Jr., The Root, September 30, 2013. “Do Chicagoans know DuSable had a Native American wife? We should celebrate her, too,” by Laura Washington, Chicago Sun-Times, June 13, 2021. “The Black Founder of Chicago: Point du Sable | Black History Explainer [video],” Unique Coloring, 3,027 views  Oct 1, 2022. “The Story of Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable [video],” Field Museum,  “Who Is Jean Baptiste Point du Sable? [video],” 77 Flavors of Chicago, February 6, 2023.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sometime in the mid-1780s, Jean-Baptiste Pointe DuSable, a Black man from Saint-Domingue, and his Potawatomi wife, Kitihawa, settled with their family on a swampy site near Lake Michigan called Eschecagou, “land of the wild onions.” The homestead and trading post they built on the mouth of the Chicago River, with a comfortably appointed cabin, workshop, bake house, stable, smokehouse, and more, was the first settlement on what would become the city of Chicago. Their importance was long forgotten, but in 2006, the Chicago City Council belatedly voted to amend the Municipal Code of Chicago to add DuSable as the city’s official founder. Joining me in this episode is <a href="https://www.courtneypjoseph.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Courtney P. Joseph</a>, Associate Professor of History and African American Studies at Lake Forest College who is writing a book titled DuSable’s Diaspora: Haiti, Blackness, and Belonging in Chicago.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode audio is: “<a href="https://archive.org/details/78_chicago-that-toddling-town_jazz-bos-carolina-serenaders-fred-fisher_gbia0089186a" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Chicago (that Toddling Town)</a>,” written by Fred Fisher and performed by Jazz-Bo’s Carolina Serenaders in 1922; the audio is in the public domain and is available via the Internet Archive.The episode image is a photograph of the bust of DuSable just north of DuSable Bridge in Chicago; the bust was created by Erik Blome in 2009; the photograph was taken by Matthew Weflen on June 17, 2023, and is used with permission. Organizations:<ul> <li><a href="https://www.dusableheritage.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">DuSable Heritage Association</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.fotp.org/dusable-park.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Friends of the Park</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.dusablemuseum.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">DuSable Black History Museum and Education Center</a></li> </ul> Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781490726540" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Chicago's Authentic Founder: Jean Baptiste Point Dusable Or Haitian Secret Agent In The Old Northwest Outpost 1745-1818,</a>” by Marc Rosier, Trafford Publishing, 2015.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40190620" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the First Chicagoan</a>,” by Thomas A. Meehan, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 56, No. 3, Emancipation Centennial Issue (Autumn, 1963), pp. 439-453.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-father-of-chicago-jean-baptiste-pointe-dusable/24858f5f-0620-4003-9b84-ac3fe294e1c3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Father of Chicago: Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable</a>,” by John R. Schmidt, WBEZ Chicago, August 8, 2011.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.theroot.com/48-hours-outdoors-how-to-spend-summer-in-asheville-nc-1850470059" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">'The First White Man in Chicago Was a Negro'?</a>” by Henry Louis Gates Jr., The Root, September 30, 2013.</li> <li>“<a href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2021/6/13/22530069/jean-baptiste-point-dusable-kitihawa-native-americans-chicago-history-laura-washington" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Do Chicagoans know DuSable had a Native American wife? We should celebrate her, too</a>,” by Laura Washington, Chicago Sun-Times, June 13, 2021.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8S2HcmTEtRk" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Black Founder of Chicago: Point du Sable | Black History Explainer [video]</a>,” Unique Coloring, 3,027 views  Oct 1, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzP_nK5DUmI" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Story of Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable [video]</a>,” Field Museum, </li> <li>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVr6aUQ_4h0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Who Is Jean Baptiste Point du Sable? [video]</a>,” 77 Flavors of Chicago, February 6, 2023.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Jean-Baptiste Pointe DuSable, the Founder of Chicago

When Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence that all men were endowed with the rights of “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,” he did not have in mind the rights of the hundreds of human beings he enslaved. But the enslaved population of the United States, and the abolitionists who supported them, like Frederick Douglass and John Brown, adopted the American symbols of revolution and freedom in their own fight for liberty.  Joining me on this episode to discuss the power of symbols like the flag and Independence Day is historian Dr. Matthew Clavin, Professor of History at the University of Houston and author of Symbols of Freedom: Slavery and Resistance Before the Civil War.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode audio is Frederick Douglass’s speech, “What To the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” originally delivered on July 5, 1852, at Corinthian Hall in Rochester, New York, at a meeting organized by the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society, and performed by Chicago actor Anthony C. Brown. The mid-episode music is “Dramatic Atmosphere with Piano and Violin,” byUNIVERSFIELD from Pixabay.The episode image is: "Frederick Douglass, the escaped slave, on an English platform, denouncing slaveholders and their religious abettors," 1852, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library.Additional Sources: “July Fourth used to be a protest holiday for enslaved Americans,” by Matt Clavin, The Washington Post, July 3, 2023. “Declaration of Independence: A Transcription,” National Archives. “These are the 56 people who signed the Declaration of Independence,” by Colman Andrews, USA Today, July 3, 2019. “Today in History - July 4: Independence Day” Library of Congress. “Who Wrote the Declaration of Independence?” by Matthew Wills, JSTOR Daily, July 2, 2016. “Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July 1776, ‘Had a Declaration…’ [electronic edition],” Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society.  “Practical Considerations Founded on the Scriptures: Relative to the Slave Population of South-Carolina,” by Frederick Dalcho, 1823. “'What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?': The History of Frederick Douglass' Searing Independence Day Oration,” by Olivia B. Waxman, Time Magazine, Originally published July 3, 2019, Updated June 26, 2020. “A Nation's Story: ‘What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?’” Smithsonian National Museum of African American History &amp; Culture. “Frederick Douglass Knew What False Patriotism Was,” by Esau McCaulley, The New York Times, July 3, 2023. “John Brown’s Passionate ‘Declaration of Liberty,’ Written on a Lengthy Scroll,” by Rebecca Onion, Slate: The Vault, December 2, 2013. “The Harpers Ferry 'Rising' That Hastened Civil War,” WBEZ Chicago, October 22, 2011. “John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry,” History.com, Originally published November 13, 2009, Updated October 14, 2020.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

When Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence that all men were endowed with the rights of “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,” he did not have in mind the rights of the hundreds of human beings he enslaved. But the enslaved population of the United States, and the abolitionists who supported them, like Frederick Douglass and John Brown, adopted the American symbols of revolution and freedom in their own fight for liberty.  Joining me on this episode to discuss the power of symbols like the flag and Independence Day is historian <a href="https://uh.edu/class/history/faculty-and-staff/clavin_m/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Matthew Clavin</a>, Professor of History at the University of Houston and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781479823246" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Symbols of Freedom: Slavery and Resistance Before the Civil War</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode audio is Frederick Douglass’s speech, “<a href="https://edsitement.neh.gov/student-activities/frederick-douglasss-what-slave-fourth-july" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">What To the Slave Is the Fourth of July</a>?” originally delivered on July 5, 1852, at Corinthian Hall in Rochester, New York, at a meeting organized by the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society, and performed by Chicago actor Anthony C. Brown. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://pixabay.com/music/mystery-dramatic-atmosphere-with-piano-and-violin-trial-143149/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dramatic Atmosphere with Piano and Violin</a>,” by<a href="https://pixabay.com/users/universfield-28281460/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=143149" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">UNIVERSFIELD</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=143149" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a>.The episode image is: "<a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-74f5-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frederick Douglass, the escaped slave, on an English platform, denouncing slaveholders and their religious abettors</a>," 1852, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library. Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/07/03/enslaved-americans-july-fourth/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">July Fourth used to be a protest holiday for enslaved Americans</a>,” by Matt Clavin, The Washington Post, July 3, 2023.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Declaration of Independence: A Transcription</a>,” National Archives.</li> <li>“<a href="http://eople-who-signed-the-declaration-of-independence/39636971/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">These are the 56 people who signed the Declaration of Independence</a>,” by Colman Andrews, USA Today, July 3, 2019.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/july-04/#:~:text=to%20this%20page-,Independence%20Day,colonies'%20separation%20from%20Great%20Britain." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Today in History - July 4: Independence Day</a>” Library of Congress.</li> <li>“<a href="https://daily.jstor.org/who-wrote-the-declaration-independence/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Who Wrote the Declaration of Independence?</a>” by Matthew Wills, JSTOR Daily, July 2, 2016.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17760703jasecond" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July 1776, ‘Had a Declaration…’ [electronic edition]</a>,” Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. </li> <li>“<a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/practicalconside00sout/practicalconside00sout.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Practical Considerations Founded on the Scriptures: Relative to the Slave Population of South-Carolina</a>,” by Frederick Dalcho, 1823.</li> <li>“<a href="https://time.com/5614930/frederick-douglass-fourth-of-july/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">'What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?': The History of Frederick Douglass' Searing Independence Day Oration</a>,” by Olivia B. Waxman, Time Magazine, Originally published July 3, 2019, Updated June 26, 2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/nations-story-what-slave-fourth-july" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A Nation's Story: ‘What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?</a>’” Smithsonian National Museum of African American History &amp; Culture.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/03/opinion/july-fourth-patriotism-douglass.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frederick Douglass Knew What False Patriotism Was</a>,” by Esau McCaulley, The New York Times, July 3, 2023.</li> <li>“<a href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/12/john-brown-the-abolitionist-s-declaration-of-liberty-written-by-owen-brown-in-scroll-form.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">John Brown’s Passionate ‘Declaration of Liberty,’ Written on a Lengthy Scroll</a>,” by Rebecca Onion, Slate: The Vault, December 2, 2013.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.npr.org/2011/10/22/141564113/the-harpers-ferry-rising-that-hastened-civil-war" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Harpers Ferry 'Rising' That Hastened Civil War</a>,” WBEZ Chicago, October 22, 2011.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-browns-raid-on-harpers-ferry" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally published November 13, 2009, Updated October 14, 2020.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

"What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July?"

In September 1970, commandos from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked five planes, landing three of them near Zarqua, Jordan, at a remote desert airstrip called Dawson’s Field, which the commandos renamed Revolution Airport. While they held hundreds of passengers and flight crew hostage in the desert, the PFLP issued their demands for release of Palestinian militants who were imprisoned in Europe. Joining me on this episode to help us understand more is American historian Prof. Martha Hodes, who was a 12-year-old passenger on one of the planes, flying with her 13-year-old sister, Catherine. Dr. Hodes is Professor of History at New York University and the author of My Hijacking: A Personal History of Forgetting and Remembering.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Calm Piano Dramatic” by AleXZavesa and is available for use via Pixabay. The episode image is “Pan Am Boeing 747-121 N736PA,” by Rob Russell, CC BY 2.0. Additional Sources: “History of the Question of Palestine,” United Nations. “Creation of Israel, 1948,” Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. “Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP),” BBC, November 18, 2014. “Skyjackings: What's Being Done And How Passengers React,” by John Brannon Albright, The New York Times, June 21, 1970. “A Brief History of Airplane Hijackings, From the Cold War to D.B. Cooper,” by Janet Bednarek, The Conversation, Smithsonian Magazine, July 18, 2022. “Leila Khaled freed after US pressure,” The Guardian, January 1, 2001. “An Infamous Hijacking, Revisited Through a Child’s Eyes,” by Jennifer Schuessler, The New York Times, June 1, 2023. “1970 Hijackings,” PBS American Experience. “Terror in Black September: The First Eyewitness Account of the Infamous 1970 Hijackings,” by David Raab, Palgrave Macmillan, September 4, 2007.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In September 1970, commandos from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked five planes, landing three of them near Zarqua, Jordan, at a remote desert airstrip called Dawson’s Field, which the commandos renamed Revolution Airport. While they held hundreds of passengers and flight crew hostage in the desert, the PFLP issued their demands for release of Palestinian militants who were imprisoned in Europe. Joining me on this episode to help us understand more is American historian <a href="http://www.marthahodes.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Prof. Martha Hodes</a>, who was a 12-year-old passenger on one of the planes, flying with her 13-year-old sister, Catherine. Dr. Hodes is Professor of History at New York University and the author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9780062699794" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">My Hijacking: A Personal History of Forgetting and Remembering</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://pixabay.com/music/modern-classical-calm-piano-dramatic-11129/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Calm Piano Dramatic</a>” by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/alexzavesa-24262182/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">AleXZavesa</a> and is available for use via Pixabay. The episode image is “<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N736PA_at_Sydney.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pan Am Boeing 747-121 N736PA</a>,” by Rob Russell, CC BY 2.0.  Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.un.org/unispal/history/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History of the Question of Palestine</a>,” United Nations.</li> <li>“<a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/creation-israel" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Creation of Israel, 1948</a>,” Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30099510" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)</a>,” BBC, November 18, 2014.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/21/archives/skyjackings-whats-being-done-and-how-passengers-react.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Skyjackings: What's Being Done And How Passengers React</a>,” by John Brannon Albright, The New York Times, June 21, 1970.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-airplane-hijackings-db-cooper-netflix-180980408/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A Brief History of Airplane Hijackings, From the Cold War to D.B. Cooper</a>,” by Janet Bednarek, <a href="https://theconversation.com/d-b-cooper-the-changing-nature-of-hijackings-and-the-foundation-for-todays-airport-security-185562?xid=PS_smithsonian" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>, Smithsonian Magazine, July 18, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jan/01/politics.freedomofinformation2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Leila Khaled freed after US pressure</a>,” The Guardian, January 1, 2001.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/01/arts/martha-hodes-my-hijacking.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">An Infamous Hijacking, Revisited Through a Child’s Eyes</a>,” by Jennifer Schuessler, The New York Times, June 1, 2023.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hijacked-1970-hijackings/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">1970 Hijackings</a>,” PBS American Experience.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Terror-Black-September-Eyewitness-Hijackings/dp/1403984204" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Terror in Black September: The First Eyewitness Account of the Infamous 1970 Hijackings</a>,” by David Raab, Palgrave Macmillan, September 4, 2007.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

1970 Hijackings by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Over 350,000 African American men joined the United States military during World War I, serving valiantly despite discrimination and slander. Historian and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois had hoped that their patriotism would help them gain respect and equality, but after the war it was quickly evident that would not be the case. Du Bois spent the next several decades attempting to tell the full story of Black soldiers in the Great War, but despite a vast archive of materials entrusted to him and his own towering intellect, Du Bois was never able to craft a coherent narrative of their participation. Joining me in this episode to discuss Du Bois and his relationship with World War I is Dr. Chad L. WIlliams, the Samuel J. and Augusta Spector Professor of History and African and African American Studies at Brandeis University, and the author of The Wounded World: W. E. B. Du Bois and the First World War.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “All Of No Man's Land Is Ours,” written by James Europe and Noble Sissle, with vocals by Noble Sissle; the song was recorded around March 14, 1919 and is in the public domain and available via Wikimedia Commons. The episode image is “The famous 369th arrive in New York City,” photographed by Paul Thompson on February 26, 1919; the image is in the public domain and is available via the National Archives (National Archives Identifier: 26431290; Local Identifier: 165-WW-127A-12).Additional Sources: “W.E.B. Du Bois,” NAACP.  "Du Bois, W. E. B.," by Thomas C. Holt, African American National Biography. Ed. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. "W. E. B. Du Bois in Georgia," by Derrick Alridge,  New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Jul 21, 2020.  “Niagara Movement,” History.com, Originally posted December 2, 2009 and updated February 24, 2021. “U.S. Entry into World War I, 1917,” Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. “The African Roots of War,” by W. E. B. Du Bois, The Atlantic, May 1915.  “Why Frederick Douglass Wanted Black Men to Fight in the Civil War,” by Farrell Evans, History.com, Originally posted February 8, 2021 and updated November 22, 2022. “Patriotism Despite Segregation: African-American Participation During World War I,” The Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs. “African Americans in the Military during World War I,” National Archives. “The 93rd Division During the Meuse-Argonne Offensive,” Pritzker Military Museum &amp; Library. “African-American Soldiers in World War I: The 92nd and 93rd Divisions,” EdSiteMent, The National Endowment for the Humanities “W. E. B. Du Bois, World War I, and the Question of Failure,” by Chad Williams, Black Perspectives, February 19, 2018.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Over 350,000 African American men joined the United States military during World War I, serving valiantly despite discrimination and slander. Historian and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois had hoped that their patriotism would help them gain respect and equality, but after the war it was quickly evident that would not be the case. Du Bois spent the next several decades attempting to tell the full story of Black soldiers in the Great War, but despite a vast archive of materials entrusted to him and his own towering intellect, Du Bois was never able to craft a coherent narrative of their participation. Joining me in this episode to discuss Du Bois and his relationship with World War I is <a href="https://www.chadlwilliams.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Chad L. WIlliams</a>, the Samuel J. and Augusta Spector Professor of History and African and African American Studies at Brandeis University, and the author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9780374293154" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Wounded World: W. E. B. Du Bois and the First World War</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:All_Of_No_Man%27s_Land_Is_Ours.ogg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">All Of No Man's Land Is Ours</a>,” written by James Europe and Noble Sissle, with vocals by Noble Sissle; the song was recorded around March 14, 1919 and is in the public domain and available via Wikimedia Commons. The episode image is “<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26431290" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The famous 369th arrive in New York City</a>,” photographed by Paul Thompson on February 26, 1919; the image is in the public domain and is available via the National Archives (National Archives Identifier: 26431290; Local Identifier: 165-WW-127A-12). Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/web-du-bois" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">W.E.B. Du Bois</a>,” NAACP. </li> <li>"<a href="https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/web-dubois" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Du Bois, W. E. B.</a>," by Thomas C. Holt, African American National Biography. Ed. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. New York: Oxford UP, 2008.</li> <li>"<a href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/w-e-b-du-bois-in-georgia/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">W. E. B. Du Bois in Georgia</a>," by Derrick Alridge,  New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Jul 21, 2020. </li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/niagara-movement" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Niagara Movement</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally posted December 2, 2009 and updated February 24, 2021.</li> <li>“<a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/wwi" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">U.S. Entry into World War I, 1917</a>,” Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1915/05/the-african-roots-of-war/528897/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The African Roots of War</a>,” by <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/w-e-burghardt-du-bois/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, The Atlantic, May 1915.</li> <li> <a href="https://www.history.com/news/frederick-douglass-civil-war-black-recruitment" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">“Why Frederick Douglass Wanted Black Men to Fight in the Civil War</a>,” by Farrell Evans, <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally posted February 8, 2021 and updated November 22, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://history.delaware.gov/world-war-i/african-americans-ww1/#:~:text=Blacks%20were%20able%20to%20serve,protested%20against%20this%20discriminatory%20practice." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Patriotism Despite Segregation: African-American Participation During World War I</a>,” The Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/wwi/war" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">African Americans in the Military during World War I</a>,” National Archives.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/explore/museum/past-exhibits/lest-we-forget-doughboys-sammies-and-sailors-great-war/93rd-division-during-meuse-argonne-offensive" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The 93rd Division During the Meuse-Argonne Offensive</a>,” Pritzker Military Museum &amp; Library.</li> <li>“<a href="https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/african-american-soldiers-world-war-i-92nd-and-93rd-divisions" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">African-American Soldiers in World War I: The 92nd and 93rd Divisions</a>,” EdSiteMent, The National Endowment for the Humanities</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.aaihs.org/w-e-b-du-bois-world-war-i-and-the-question-of-failure/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">W. E. B. Du Bois, World War I, and the Question of Failure</a>,” by Chad Williams, Black Perspectives, February 19, 2018.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

W. E. B. Du Bois & African American Contributions to World War I

During World War II, over 120,000 Japanese Americans, most of whom were US citizens, were forcibly removed from their homes in California, Washington, and Oregon, and imprisoned in relocation centers, small towns surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards. The War Relocation Authority, the government agency created by FDR that oversaw the mass relocation and internment, appointed a project attorney for each of the 10 camps. These white attorneys served the conflicted position of both advising the project director and running a legal aid for the Japanese American prisoners. Joining me in this episode is legal historian Eric L. Muller, the Dan K. Moore Distinguished Professor of Law in Jurisprudence and Ethics at the University of North Carolina School of Law and author of Lawyer, Jailer, Ally, Foe: Complicity and Conscience in America's World War II Concentration Camps.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Longing for Japan,” by srento, licensed for use via Pond5. The episode image is “Lone Pine, Calif. Apr. 1942. Evacuees of Japanese ancestry arriving by train and awaiting buses for Manzanar, a War Relocation Authority center,” by Clem Albers, from April 1, 1942; the photograph is housed in the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division (Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-73157), with no known restrictions on publication.Additional Sources: “Japanese American Incarceration During World War II,” DocsTeach, Created by the National Archives. “FDR sets up War Relocation Authority , March 18, 1942,” by Andrew Glass, Politico, March 18, 2018. “How Japanese American Incarceration Was Entangled With Indigenous Dispossession,” by Hana Maruyama, KCET, August 18, 2022. “The Injustice of Japanese-American Internment Camps Resonates Strongly to This Day,” by T. A. Frail, Smithsonian Magazine, January 2017. “She fought the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and won,” by Lori Aratani, The Washington Post, December 18, 2019. “The dangerous economics of racial resentment during World War II,” by Gwynn Guilford, Quartz, February 13, 2018. “Before people start invoking Japanese American internment, they should remember what it was like,” by Jeff Guo, The Washington Post, November 18, 2015. “Bitter Harvest,” by A. V. Krebs, The Washington Post, February 2, 1992. Related Episodes: The US-Born Japanese Americans (Nisei) who Migrated to Japan Patsy Mink  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

During World War II, over 120,000 Japanese Americans, most of whom were US citizens, were forcibly removed from their homes in California, Washington, and Oregon, and imprisoned in relocation centers, small towns surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards. The War Relocation Authority, the government agency created by FDR that oversaw the mass relocation and internment, appointed a project attorney for each of the 10 camps. These white attorneys served the conflicted position of both advising the project director and running a legal aid for the Japanese American prisoners. Joining me in this episode is legal historian <a href="https://www.eric-muller.net/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Eric L. Muller</a>, the Dan K. Moore Distinguished Professor of Law in Jurisprudence and Ethics at the University of North Carolina School of Law and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781469673974" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lawyer, Jailer, Ally, Foe: Complicity and Conscience in America's World War II Concentration Camps</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://www.pond5.com/royalty-free-music/item/116788812-longing-japan-orchestral-warm-reflective" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Longing for Japan</a>,” by srento, licensed for use via Pond5. The episode image is “<a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.73157/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lone Pine, Calif. Apr. 1942. Evacuees of Japanese ancestry arriving by train and awaiting buses for Manzanar, a War Relocation Authority center,</a>” by Clem Albers, from April 1, 1942; the photograph is housed in the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division (Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-73157), with no known restrictions on publication. Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://docsteach.org/activities/student/japanese-american-incarceration-during-world-war-ii" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Japanese American Incarceration During World War II</a>,” DocsTeach, Created by the National Archives.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/18/fdr-sets-up-war-relocation-authority-march-18-1942-465793" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">FDR sets up War Relocation Authority , March 18, 1942</a>,” by Andrew Glass, Politico, March 18, 2018.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.kcet.org/news-community/how-japanese-american-incarceration-was-entangled-with-indigenous-dispossession" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">How Japanese American Incarceration Was Entangled With Indigenous Dispossession</a>,” by <a href="https://www.kcet.org/people/hana-maruyama" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hana Maruyama</a>, KCET, August 18, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/injustice-japanese-americans-internment-camps-resonates-strongly-180961422/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Injustice of Japanese-American Internment Camps Resonates Strongly to This Day,</a>” by T. A. Frail, Smithsonian Magazine, January 2017.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/12/18/she-fought-internment-japanese-americans-during-world-war-ii-won/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">She fought the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and won</a>,” by Lori Aratani, The Washington Post, December 18, 2019.</li> <li>“<a href="https://qz.com/1201502/japanese-internment-camps-during-world-war-ii-are-a-lesson-in-the-scary-economics-of-racial-resentment" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The dangerous economics of racial resentment during World War II</a>,” by Gwynn Guilford, Quartz, February 13, 2018.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/11/18/before-people-start-invoking-japanese-american-internment-they-should-remember-what-it-was-like/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Before people start invoking Japanese American internment, they should remember what it was like</a>,” by Jeff Guo, The Washington Post, November 18, 2015.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1992/02/02/bitter-harvest/c8389b23-884d-43bd-ad34-bf7b11077135/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bitter Harvest</a>,” by A. V. Krebs, The Washington Post, February 2, 1992.</li> </ul> Related Episodes:<ul> <li><a href="https://www.unsunghistorypodcast.com/nisei/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The US-Born Japanese Americans (Nisei) who Migrated to Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.unsunghistorypodcast.com/patsy-mink/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Patsy Mink</a></li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

The Internment of Japanese Americans during World War II & the Role of Attorneys at the Relocation Centers

A podcast about people and events in American history you may not know much about. Yet.

In September 1969, African American journalist Wallace Terry reported on “another war being fought in Vietnam — between black and white Americans.” After the 1948 integration of the military, the U.S. Army had tried to be color blind, seeing not Black or white but just olive drab, but by 1970, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Gen. Walter T. Kerwin, noted: “In the past year racial discord has surfaced as one of the most serious problems facing Army leadership.” So in the midst of fighting a deeply unpopular overseas war, the military also created the Defense Race Relations Institute (DRRI) and developed mandated race relations training.Joining me to discuss race relations in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War era is Dr. Beth Bailey, a Foundation Distinguished Professor in the Department of History at the University of Kansas and Author of An Army Afire: How the US Army Confronted Its Racial Crisis in the Vietnam Era.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Old Soul Record” by Musictown from Pixabay and is free to use through the Pixabay license. The episode image is “Photograph of Specialist 4th Class McClanton Miller Kneeling in Dense Brush Waiting for Orders to Move Forward;” picture was taken January 23, 1966 and is available via the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NAID: 17331387; Local ID: 111-CC-33199) with no restrictions on use.Additional sources: “Vietnam War Timeline,” History.com, Published September 13, 2017 and Updated March 29, 2023. “Ho Chi Minh,” PBS American Experience. “Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1952–1954, Indochina, Volume XIII, Part 1,” Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. “Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964),” National Archives and Records Administration. “Vietnam Lotteries,” Selective Service System. “Resistance to the Vietnam War,” by Jessica McBirney, Common Lit, 2016. “The Draft,” Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. “Vietnam War Protests,” History.com, Published February 22, 2010 and Updates November 1, 2022. “The Forgotten History Of A Prison Uprising In Vietnam,” by Sarah Kramer, NPR All Things Considered, August 29, 2018. “History,” Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute. “Black and White in Vietnam,” by Gerald F. Goodwin, The New York Times, July 18, 2017. “Training for Vietnam, fighting for civil rights: Post an island of relative calm in a turbulent sea,” by Christine Schweickert, U.S. Army, May 14, 2015. “As we rethink the Vietnam War, we have to grapple with its racial implications,” by Hannah Gurman, The Washington Post, October 6, 2017. “African-American struggle for equality in Army during Vietnam still instructive,” by David Vergun, U.S. Army, February 25, 2014. “The military provides a model for how institutions can address racism,” by Margaret B. Montgomery, The Washington Post, June 23, 2020. “Serving without 'equal opportunity': Vietnam veterans faced racism at home and abroad,” by Erica Thompson, The Columbus Dispatch, Published December 3, 2020 and Updated December 9, 2020. “War within war,” by James Maycock, The Guardian, September 14, 2001. “Reflections On The Curse Of Racism In The U.S. Military,” by David Barno and Nora Bensahel, War on the Rocks, June 30, 2020.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In September 1969, African American journalist Wallace Terry reported on “another war being fought in Vietnam — between black and white Americans.” After the 1948 integration of the military, the U.S. Army had tried to be color blind, seeing not Black or white but just olive drab, but by 1970, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Gen. Walter T. Kerwin, noted: “In the past year racial discord has surfaced as one of the most serious problems facing Army leadership.” So in the midst of fighting a deeply unpopular overseas war, the military also created the Defense Race Relations Institute (DRRI) and developed mandated race relations training.Joining me to discuss race relations in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War era is <a href="https://bethbailey.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Beth Bailey</a>, a Foundation Distinguished Professor in the Department of History at the University of Kansas and Author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781469673264" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">An Army Afire: How the US Army Confronted Its Racial Crisis in the Vietnam Era</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://pixabay.com/music/motown-old-school-rnb-old-soul-record-115378/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Old Soul Record</a>” by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/musictown-25873992/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=115378" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Musictown</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=115378" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a> and is free to use through the Pixabay license. The episode image is “<a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/17331387" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Photograph of Specialist 4th Class McClanton Miller Kneeling in Dense Brush Waiting for Orders to Move Forward</a>;” picture was taken January 23, 1966 and is available via the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NAID: 17331387; Local ID: 111-CC-33199) with no restrictions on use. Additional sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-timeline" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vietnam War Timeline</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Published September 13, 2017 and Updated March 29, 2023.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/honor-ho-chi-minh/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ho Chi Minh</a>,” PBS American Experience.</li> <li>“<a href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v13p1/d716" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1952–1954, Indochina, Volume XIII, Part 1</a>,” Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/tonkin-gulf-resolution" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)</a>,” National Archives and Records Administration.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.sss.gov/history-and-records/vietnam-lotteries/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vietnam Lotteries</a>,” Selective Service System.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.commonlit.org/en/texts/resistance-to-the-vietnam-war" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Resistance to the Vietnam War</a>,” by Jessica McBirney, Common Lit, 2016.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.vvmf.org/topics/The-Draft/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw7PCjBhDwARIsANo7CglSlvNHEYNbW6dczsqJVwRKXyMp3DnwgUrQSlkmkDT1X9Fv8dDEqqIaAo0yEALw_wcB" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Draft</a>,” Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-protests" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vietnam War Protests</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Published February 22, 2010 and Updates November 1, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/08/29/642617106/the-forgotten-history-of-a-prison-uprising-in-vietnam" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Forgotten History Of A Prison Uprising In Vietnam</a>,” by Sarah Kramer, NPR All Things Considered, August 29, 2018.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.defenseculture.mil/About-DEOMI/History/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History</a>,” Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/opinion/racism-vietnam-war.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Black and White in Vietnam</a>,” by Gerald F. Goodwin, The New York Times, July 18, 2017.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.army.mil/article/148570/training_for_vietnam_fighting_for_civil_rights_post_an_island_of_relative_calm_in_a_turbulent_sea" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Training for Vietnam, fighting for civil rights: Post an island of relative calm in a turbulent sea</a>,” by Christine Schweickert, U.S. Army, May 14, 2015.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/10/06/as-we-rethink-the-vietnam-war-we-have-to-grapple-with-its-racial-implications/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">As we rethink the Vietnam War, we have to grapple with its racial implications</a>,” by Hannah Gurman, The Washington Post, October 6, 2017.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.army.mil/article/120714/african_american_struggle_for_equality_in_army_during_vietnam_still_instructive" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">African-American struggle for equality in Army during Vietnam still instructive</a>,” by David Vergun, U.S. Army, February 25, 2014.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/06/23/military-provides-model-how-institutions-can-address-racism/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The military provides a model for how institutions can address racism</a>,” by Margaret B. Montgomery, The Washington Post, June 23, 2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.dispatch.com/in-depth/news/2020/12/03/black-vietnam-veterans-systemic-racism-military/3627846001/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Serving without 'equal opportunity': Vietnam veterans faced racism at home and abroad</a>,” by Erica Thompson, The Columbus Dispatch, Published December 3, 2020 and Updated December 9, 2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2001/sep/15/weekend7.weekend3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">War within war</a>,” by James Maycock, The Guardian, September 14, 2001.</li> <li>“<a href="https://warontherocks.com/2020/06/reflections-on-the-curse-of-racism-in-the-u-s-military/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Reflections On The Curse Of Racism In The U.S. Military</a>,” by David Barno and Nora Bensahel, War on the Rocks, June 30, 2020.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Racial Conflict in the U.S. Army During the Vietnam War Era

As soon as the first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter, free Black men in the North rushed to enlist, but they were turned away, as President Lincoln worried that arming Black soldiers would lead to secession by the border states. With the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation and the dire need for more recruits to the Union Army, Black soldiers were formally welcomed into the armed forces, eventually comprising 10% of the Union Army. It wasn’t just the Black soldiers who fought and sacrificed for their country, though, it was also their families they left behind as they marched off to war. Joining me in this episode s Dr. Holly A. Pinheiro, Jr., Assistant Professor of African American History at Furman University and author of The Families’ Civil War: Black Soldiers and the Fight for Racial Justice.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Battle Cry of Freedom,” written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root to support Lincoln’s 1862 call for 300,000 volunteers for the Union Army; this version was performed by Harlan and Stanley in 1907 and is in the public domain and available via the Internet Archive. The episode image is “Unidentified African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters,” photograph created between 1863 and 1865, available via the Library of Congress with no known restrictions on publication.Additional sources: “A Call to Remember the 200,000 Black Troops Who Helped Save the Union,” by Christine Hause, The New York Times, February 26, 2022. “Remembering the Significant Role of the U.S. Colored Troops in America’s History,” Wounded Warrior Project. “Black Americans in the U.S. Army,” U.S. Army. “Black Soldiers in the U.S. Military During the Civil War,” National Archives. “African-American Soldiers During the Civil War,” Library of Congress. “Historical Context: Black Soldiers in the Civil War,” by Steven Mintz, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. “Black Civil War Soldiers,” History.com, Originally posted April 14, 2010; updated November 22, 2022. “Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America,” by David Walker, Boston, Massachusetts, September 28, 1829. “War Declared: States Secede from the Union!” National Park Service. “Civil War Begins,” United States Senate. “Black Women, the Civil War, and United States Colored Troops,” by Holly Pinheiro, Black Perspectives, July 20, 2021. Related episodes: Susie King Taylor (Episode 3) Mary Ann Shadd Cary (Episode 33) The Abolition Movement of the 1830s (Episode 45)  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As soon as the first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter, free Black men in the North rushed to enlist, but they were turned away, as President Lincoln worried that arming Black soldiers would lead to secession by the border states. With the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation and the dire need for more recruits to the Union Army, Black soldiers were formally welcomed into the armed forces, eventually comprising 10% of the Union Army. It wasn’t just the Black soldiers who fought and sacrificed for their country, though, it was also their families they left behind as they marched off to war. Joining me in this episode s <a href="https://drhollypinheirojr.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Holly A. Pinheiro, Jr.</a>, Assistant Professor of African American History at Furman University and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9780820361963" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Families’ Civil War: Black Soldiers and the Fight for Racial Justice</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://archive.org/details/78_the-battle-cry-of-freedom_harlan-and-stanley_gbia0016263a/The+Battle+Cry+of+Freedom+-+Harlan+and+Stanley-restored.flac" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Battle Cry of Freedom</a>,” written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root to support Lincoln’s 1862 call for 300,000 volunteers for the Union Army; this version was performed by Harlan and Stanley in 1907 and is in the public domain and available via the Internet Archive. The episode image is “<a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010647216/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Unidentified African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters</a>,” photograph created between 1863 and 1865, available via the Library of Congress with no known restrictions on publication. Additional sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/26/us/civil-war-black-troops.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A Call to Remember the 200,000 Black Troops Who Helped Save the Union</a>,” by Christine Hause, The New York Times, February 26, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://newsroom.woundedwarriorproject.org/Remembering-the-Significant-Role-of-the-U-S-Colored-Troops-in-Americas-History" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Remembering the Significant Role of the U.S. Colored Troops in America’s History</a>,” Wounded Warrior Project.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.army.mil/blackamericans/timeline.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Black Americans in the U.S. Army</a>,” U.S. Army.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Black Soldiers in the U.S. Military During the Civil War</a>,” National Archives.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/civil-war-and-reconstruction-1861-1877/african-american-soldiers-during-the-civil-war/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">African-American Soldiers During the Civil War</a>,” Library of Congress.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching-resource/historical-context-black-soldiers-civil-war" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Historical Context: Black Soldiers in the Civil War</a>,” by Steven Mintz, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/black-civil-war-soldiers" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Black Civil War Soldiers</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally posted April 14, 2010; updated November 22, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/walker/menu.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America</a>,” by David Walker, Boston, Massachusetts, September 28, 1829.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/kemo/learn/historyculture/wardeclared.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">War Declared: States Secede from the Union!</a>” National Park Service.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_War_Begins.htm#:~:text=At%204%3A30%20a.m.%20on,beginning%20of%20the%20Civil%20War." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Civil War Begins</a>,” United States Senate.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.aaihs.org/black-women-the-civil-war-and-united-states-colored-troops/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Black Women, the Civil War, and United States Colored Troops</a>,” by Holly Pinheiro, Black Perspectives, July 20, 2021.</li> </ul> Related episodes:<ul> <li><a href="https://www.unsunghistorypodcast.com/susie-king-taylor/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Susie King Taylor (Episode 3)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.unsunghistorypodcast.com/shadd-cary/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mary Ann Shadd Cary (Episode 33)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.unsunghistorypodcast.com/1830s-Abolition/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Abolition Movement of the 1830s (Episode 45)</a></li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Black Soldiers & their Families in the Civil War

In 1848, a group of religious perfectionists, led by John Humphrey Noyes, established a commune in Oneida, New York, where they lived and worked together. Women in the community had certain freedoms compared to the outside world, in both dress and occupation. What captured the attention of the outside world, though, were the sexual practices of the Oneidans, who believed in complex marriage where every man and every woman in the community were married to each other and where birth control was achieved via male continence. Joining me to discuss the Oneida community, and its most infamous resident, presidential assassin Charles Guiteau, is New York Times bestselling writer Susan Wels, author of An Assassin in Utopia: The True Story of a Nineteenth-Century Sex Cult and a President's Murder.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode Music is “Walk Together (Acoustic Piano and Guitar Version)” by Olexy from Pixabay. The episode image is “Oneida Community,” photograph taken between 1860 and 1880; image is in the Public Domain and available via the Library of Congress.Additional sources: “The First Great Awakening.” by Christine Leigh Heyrman, Divining America, TeacherServe©, National Humanities Center. “Great Awakening,” History.com, Originally posted March 7, 2018, Updated September 20, 2019. “Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening,” USHistory.org. “Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the New Republic,” Library of Congress. “The Second Great Awakening,” by Isaiah Dicker, Guided History: History Research Guides by Boston University Students. “‘My Heart Was So Full of Love That It Overflowed’: Charles Grandison Finney Experiences Conversion,” History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web. “People &amp; Ideas: Charles Finney,” God in America, PBS. “The Utopia of Sharing in Oneida, N.Y.”by Beth Quinn Barnard, The New York Times, August 3, 2007. “The Rich, Sexy History Of Oneida — Commune And Silverware Maker,” WBUR, May 20, 2016. “Oneida Community (1848-1880): A Utopian Community,” Social Welfare History Project  (June 2017), Virginia Commonwealth University. “Oneida Community Collection,” Syracuse University.  Oneida Mansion House.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1848, a group of religious perfectionists, led by John Humphrey Noyes, established a commune in Oneida, New York, where they lived and worked together. Women in the community had certain freedoms compared to the outside world, in both dress and occupation. What captured the attention of the outside world, though, were the sexual practices of the Oneidans, who believed in complex marriage where every man and every woman in the community were married to each other and where birth control was achieved via male continence. Joining me to discuss the Oneida community, and its most infamous resident, presidential assassin Charles Guiteau, is New York Times bestselling writer <a href="https://www.welscomm.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Susan Wels</a>, author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781639363124" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">An Assassin in Utopia: The True Story of a Nineteenth-Century Sex Cult and a President's Murder</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode Music is “Walk Together (Acoustic Piano and Guitar Version)” by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/olexy-25300778/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=123280" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Olexy</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com/music//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=123280" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a>. The episode image is “<a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017660482" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oneida Community</a>,” photograph taken between 1860 and 1880; image is in the Public Domain and available via the Library of Congress. Additional sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The First Great Awakening</a>.” by Christine Leigh Heyrman, Divining America, TeacherServe©, National Humanities Center.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/great-awakening" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Great Awakening</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally posted March 7, 2018, Updated September 20, 2019.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.ushistory.org/us/22c.asp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening</a>,” <a href="http://USHistory.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">USHistory.org</a>.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel07.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the New Republic</a>,” Library of Congress.</li> <li>“<a href="https://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/historians-craft/isaiah-dicker/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Second Great Awakening</a>,” by Isaiah Dicker, Guided History: History Research Guides by Boston University Students.</li> <li>“‘<a href="https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6374/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">My Heart Was So Full of Love That It Overflowed</a>’: Charles Grandison Finney Experiences Conversion,” History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/godinamerica/people/charles-finney.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">People &amp; Ideas: Charles Finney</a>,” God in America, PBS.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/03/travel/escapes/03Oneida.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Utopia of Sharing in Oneida, N.Y.</a>”by Beth Quinn Barnard, The New York Times, August 3, 2007.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2016/05/20/oneida-silverware" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Rich, Sexy History Of Oneida — Commune And Silverware Maker</a>,” WBUR, May 20, 2016.</li> <li>“<a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/religious/the-oneida-community-1848-1880-a-utopian-community/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oneida Community (1848-1880): A Utopian Community</a>,” Social Welfare History Project  (June 2017), Virginia Commonwealth University.</li> <li>“<a href="https://library.syracuse.edu/digital/guides/o/oneida_comm.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oneida Community Collection</a>,” Syracuse University.</li> <li> <a href="https://www.oneidacommunity.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Oneida Mansion House</a>.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

The Oneida Perfectionist Religious Community

In the 1980s undocumented Irish immigrants convinced United States lawmakers to create a program that would provide a path to citizenship for individuals without family connections in the United States. That program eventually became the Diversity Visa Lottery, established as part of the Immigration Act of 1990. Despite the program’s roots in demand from Irish immigrants, the majority of the recipients of diversity visas have been awarded to immigrants from Africa, with more than 480,000 individuals and their families immigrating to the United States from Africa between 1995 and 2022 via the Diversity Visa Program.Joining me this week for a deep dive into the diversity visa lottery, and its impact on West African countries, is historian Dr. Carly Goodman, Senior Editor at the Washington Posts’s Made by History and author of Dreamland: America’s Immigration Lottery in an Age of Restriction.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music “Melancholic Afrobeat” by artbybigvee from Pixabay and is available in the public domain. The episode image is “Loterie Americaine visa services in French and English in Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2015,” and is used by permission of the photographer, Carly Goodman.Additional sources: “Find out if you are eligible for the Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery and how to register,” USA.gov. “Immigration History Timeline,” Immigration History. “Fifty Years On, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Continues to Reshape the United States,” by Muzaffar Chishti, Faye Hipsman, and Isabel Ball, Migration Policy Institute, October 15, 2015. “Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 – Civil Rights Movement Era,” The Asian American Education Project. “European Immigrants in the United States,” by Elijah Alperin and Jeanne Batalova, Migration Policy Institute, August 1, 2018. “1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986,” Library of Congress. “Diversity visa lottery, criticized after New York terrorist attack, was invented to help the Irish,” by Michael E. Miller, The Washington Post,  November 1, 2017. “The ‘Diversity’ Green Card Lottery Was Originally for White Immigrants,” by Becky Little, History.com, Originally posted November 2, 2017; Updated March 9, 2019. “U.S. Lottery will award 20,000 visas in 1989-90,” by Karlyn Barker, The Washington Post, March 2, 1989. “While Immigration Reform Waits, Lottery Fills the Void,” by Lisa Wormwood, Special to The Christian Science Monitor, April 13, 1989. “Fact Sheet: Temporary Protected Status (TPS),” National Immigration Forum, updated February 1, 2023. “Temporary Protected Status,” U.S. Department of Justice. “Family Reunification Is the Bedrock of U.S. Immigration Policy,” by Philip E. Wolgin, The Center for American Progress, February 12, 2018. “What is the Diversity Visa Program?” FWD.us, September 14, 2022.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the 1980s undocumented Irish immigrants convinced United States lawmakers to create a program that would provide a path to citizenship for individuals without family connections in the United States. That program eventually became the Diversity Visa Lottery, established as part of the Immigration Act of 1990. Despite the program’s roots in demand from Irish immigrants, the majority of the recipients of diversity visas have been awarded to immigrants from Africa, with more than 480,000 individuals and their families immigrating to the United States from Africa between 1995 and 2022 via the Diversity Visa Program.Joining me this week for a deep dive into the diversity visa lottery, and its impact on West African countries, is historian <a href="https://carlybethgoodman.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Carly Goodman</a>, Senior Editor at the Washington Posts’s <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Made by History</a> and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781469673042" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dreamland: America’s Immigration Lottery in an Age of Restriction</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music “<a href="https://cdn.pixabay.com/download/audio/2022/01/05/audio_59ead669cd.mp3?filename=melancholic-afrobeat-13584.mp3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Melancholic Afrobeat</a>” by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/artbybigvee-7284076/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=13584" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">artbybigvee</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com/music//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=13584" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a> and is available in the public domain. The episode image is “Loterie Americaine visa services in French and English in Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2015,” and is used by permission of the photographer, Carly Goodman. Additional sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.usa.gov/dv-lottery-eligibility#:~:text=Being%20a%20citizen%20of%20a,or%20having%20qualifying%20work%20experience" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Find out if you are eligible for the Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery and how to register</a>,” <a href="http://USA.gov" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">USA.gov</a>.</li> <li>“<a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/timeline/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Immigration History Timeline</a>,” Immigration History.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/fifty-years-1965-immigration-and-nationality-act-continues-reshape-united-states" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fifty Years On, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Continues to Reshape the United States</a>,” by Muzaffar Chishti, Faye Hipsman, and Isabel Ball, Migration Policy Institute, October 15, 2015.</li> <li>“<a href="https://asianamericanedu.org/immigration-and-nationality-act-of-1965.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 – Civil Rights Movement Era</a>,” The Asian American Education Project.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/european-immigrants-united-states" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">European Immigrants in the United States</a>,” by Elijah Alperin and Jeanne Batalova, Migration Policy Institute, August 1, 2018.</li> <li>“<a href="https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/irca" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</a>,” Library of Congress.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/02/straight-up-pork-barrel-politics-how-the-green-card-lottery-was-invented-to-help-the-irish/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Diversity visa lottery, criticized after New York terrorist attack, was invented to help the Irish</a>,” by Michael E. Miller, The Washington Post,  November 1, 2017.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/news/the-diversity-green-card-lottery-was-originally-for-white-immigrants" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The ‘Diversity’ Green Card Lottery Was Originally for White Immigrants</a>,” by Becky Little, <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally posted November 2, 2017; Updated March 9, 2019.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/03/02/us-lottery-will-award-20000-visas-in-1989-90/9042918e-3d55-4a74-8936-5943b641b6b7/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">U.S. Lottery will award 20,000 visas in 1989-90</a>,” by Karlyn Barker, The Washington Post, March 2, 1989.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0413/alot.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">While Immigration Reform Waits, Lottery Fills the Void</a>,” by Lisa Wormwood, Special to The Christian Science Monitor, April 13, 1989.</li> <li>“<a href="https://immigrationforum.org/article/fact-sheet-temporary-protected-status/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fact Sheet: Temporary Protected Status (TPS)</a>,” National Immigration Forum, updated February 1, 2023.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.justice.gov/eoir/temporary-protected-status" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Temporary Protected Status</a>,” U.S. Department of Justice.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/family-reunification-bedrock-u-s-immigration-policy/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Family Reunification Is the Bedrock of U.S. Immigration Policy</a>,” by Philip E. Wolgin, The Center for American Progress, February 12, 2018.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.fwd.us/news/diversity-visa-program/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">What is the Diversity Visa Program?</a>” <a href="http://FWD.us" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">FWD.us</a>, September 14, 2022.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

The Diversity Visa Lottery

Despite a plea from Abigail Adams to her husband to “Remember the Ladies,” women, especially married women, didn’t have many legal rights in the Early Republic. Even so, women used existing legal structures to advocate for themselves and their children, leaning on their dependent status and the obligations of their husbands and the state to provide for them. I’m joined this week by Dr. ​​Jacqueline Beatty, Assistant Professor of History at York College of Pennsylvania, and author of In Dependence: Women and the Patriarchal State in Revolutionary America.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Chester,” composed by William Billings in 1778, performed by the United States Marine Corps Band in 2014; the recording is in the public domain and is available via Wikimedia Commons. The episode image is: ”A New England kitchen. A hundred years ago,” by H. W. Peirce, ca. 1876, via the Library of Congress.Additional Sources: “When Women Lost the Vote,” Museum of the American Revolution. “Lydia Chapin Taft – New England’s First Woman Voter,” New England Historical Society. “Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 March - 5 April 1776 [electronic edition],”. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Massachusetts Historical Society.  “Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 14 April 1776 [electronic edition],” Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Massachusetts Historical Society. “On the Trail of America’s First Women to Vote,”  by Jennifer Schuessler, The New York Times; Published Feb. 24, 2020, Updated Aug. 7, 2020. “Coverture: The Word You Probably Don't Know But Should,” National Women’s History Museum, September 4, 2012. “Boston: A City Steeped in U.S. History,” History.com; Published March 7, 2019, Updated March 13, 2019. “Massachusetts Constitution and the Abolition of Slavery,” The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. “Philadelphia: Colonial City to Modern Metropolis [video],” Penn Museum, July 6, 2018. “An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery - March 1, 1780,” Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. “Historic Overview,” Explore Charleston. “How Slavery Built Charleston,” by Brentin Mock, Bloomberg, July 20, 2015.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Despite a plea from Abigail Adams to her husband to “Remember the Ladies,” women, especially married women, didn’t have many legal rights in the Early Republic. Even so, women used existing legal structures to advocate for themselves and their children, leaning on their dependent status and the obligations of their husbands and the state to provide for them. I’m joined this week by <a href="https://jacquelinebeatty.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. ​​Jacqueline Beatty</a>, Assistant Professor of History at York College of Pennsylvania, and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781479812127" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">In Dependence: Women and the Patriarchal State in Revolutionary America</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Chester%22_performed_by_the_USMC_Band.mp3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Chester</a>,” composed by William Billings in 1778, performed by the United States Marine Corps Band in 2014; the recording is in the public domain and is available via Wikimedia Commons. The episode image is: ”<a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2006691541/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A New England kitchen. A hundred years ago</a>,” by H. W. Peirce, ca. 1876, via the Library of Congress. Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.amrevmuseum.org/virtualexhibits/when-women-lost-the-vote-a-revolutionary-story/timeline" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">When Women Lost the Vote</a>,” Museum of the American Revolution.</li> <li>“<a href="https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/lydia-chapin-taft-new-englands-first-woman-voter/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lydia Chapin Taft – New England’s First Woman Voter</a>,” New England Historical Society.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17760331aa&amp;rec=sheet&amp;archive=&amp;hi=&amp;numRecs=&amp;query=&amp;queryid=&amp;start=&amp;tag=&amp;num=10&amp;bc=" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 March - 5 April 1776 [electronic edition]</a>,”. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Massachusetts Historical Society. </li> <li>“<a href="https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17760414ja&amp;rec=sheet&amp;archive=&amp;hi=&amp;numRecs=&amp;query=&amp;queryid=&amp;start=&amp;tag=&amp;num=10&amp;bc=" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 14 April 1776 [electronic edition]</a>,” Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Massachusetts Historical Society.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/24/arts/first-women-voters-new-jersey.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">On the Trail of America’s First Women to Vote</a>,”  by Jennifer Schuessler, The New York Times; Published Feb. 24, 2020, Updated Aug. 7, 2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/coverture-word-you-probably-dont-know-should" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Coverture: The Word You Probably Don't Know But Should</a>,” National Women’s History Museum, September 4, 2012.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/boston-massachusetts" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Boston: A City Steeped in U.S. History</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>; Published March 7, 2019, Updated March 13, 2019.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.mass.gov/guides/massachusetts-constitution-and-the-abolition-of-slavery#:~:text=In%201780%2C%20when%20the%20Massachusetts,judicial%20review%20to%20abolish%20slavery." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Massachusetts Constitution and the Abolition of Slavery</a>,” The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pM1FgNT4DcQ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Philadelphia: Colonial City to Modern Metropolis [video]</a>,” Penn Museum, July 6, 2018.</li> <li>“<a href="http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/documents/1776-1865/abolition-slavery.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery - March 1, 1780</a>,” Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.charlestoncvb.com/media/media-kit/historic-overview/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Historic Overview</a>,” Explore Charleston.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-20/how-confederate-monuments-obscure-the-economic-history-of-slavery-in-charleston" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">How Slavery Built Charleston</a>,” by Brentin Mock, Bloomberg, July 20, 2015.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Women & the Law in Revolutionary America

In 1963, on the heels of a failed desegregation campaign in Albany, Georgia, Martin Luther King., Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference decided to take a stand for Civil Rights in “the Most Segregated City in America,” Birmingham, Alabama. In Project Confrontation, the plan was to escalate, and escalate, and escalate. And escalate they did, until even President John F. Kennedy couldn’t look away.Joining me now to help us learn more about the Birmingham campaign is journalist Paul Kix, author of You Have to Be Prepared to Die Before You Can Begin to Live: Ten Weeks in Birmingham That Changed America.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “An Inspired Morning” by PianoAmor via Pixabay. The episode image is “Civil rights leaders left to right Fred Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King, Jr., at a press conference during the Birmingham Campaign,” in Birmingham, Alabama, on May 16, 1963, by photographer M.S. Trikosko, and available via the Library of Congress.Additional Sources and References: “Albany Movement,” King Encyclopedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. “The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),” National Archives. “The Birmingham Campaign,” PBS. “Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth (1922-2011),” National Park Service. “Opinion: Harry Belafonte and the Birmingham protests that changed America,” by Paul Kix, Los Angeles Times, April 27, 2023. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," by Martin Luther King, Jr., April 16, 1963, Posted on the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center website. “The Children’s Crusade: When the Youth of Birmingham Marched for Justice,” by Alexis Clark, History.com, October 14, 2020. “Televised Address to the Nation on Civil Rights by President John F. Kennedy [video],” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1963, on the heels of a failed desegregation campaign in Albany, Georgia, Martin Luther King., Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference decided to take a stand for Civil Rights in “the Most Segregated City in America,” Birmingham, Alabama. In Project Confrontation, the plan was to escalate, and escalate, and escalate. And escalate they did, until even President John F. Kennedy couldn’t look away.Joining me now to help us learn more about the Birmingham campaign is journalist <a href="https://www.paulkix.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paul Kix</a>, author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781250807694" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">You Have to Be Prepared to Die Before You Can Begin to Live: Ten Weeks in Birmingham That Changed America</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://pixabay.com/music/solo-piano-an-inspired-morning-141215/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">An Inspired Morning</a>” by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/pianoamor-28628048/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=141215" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PianoAmor</a> via <a href="https://pixabay.com//?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=music&amp;utm_content=141215" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a>. The episode image is “<a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2022634991/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Civil rights leaders left to right Fred Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King, Jr., at a press conference during the Birmingham Campaign</a>,” in Birmingham, Alabama, on May 16, 1963, by photographer M.S. Trikosko, and available via the Library of Congress. Additional Sources and References:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/albany-movement" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Albany Movement</a>,” King Encyclopedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/black-power/sncc#:~:text=In%20the%20early%201960s%2C%20young,protest%20the%20segregation%20of%20restaurants." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a>,” National Archives.</li> <li>“<a href="http://bcc2.lunchbox.pbs.org/black-culture/explore/civil-rights-movement-birmingham-campaign/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Birmingham Campaign</a>,” PBS.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/people/rev-fred-shuttlesworth.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth (1922-2011)</a>,” National Park Service.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-04-27/harry-belafonte-birmingham-martin-luther-king-jr-sclc" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Opinion: Harry Belafonte and the Birmingham protests that changed America</a>,” by Paul Kix, Los Angeles Times, April 27, 2023.</li> <li>"<a href="https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Letter from a Birmingham Jail</a>," by Martin Luther King, Jr., April 16, 1963, Posted on the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center website.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/news/childrens-crusade-birmingham-civil-rights" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Children’s Crusade: When the Youth of Birmingham Marched for Justice</a>,” by Alexis Clark, <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, October 14, 2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/historic-speeches/televised-address-to-the-nation-on-civil-rights" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Televised Address to the Nation on Civil Rights by President John F. Kennedy [video]</a>,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Project Confrontation: The Birmingham Campaign of 1963

During the 19th Century, growing international trade and imperialist conquest combined with new technologies to transport and care for flora led to a burgeoning fascination with plant life. American writers, from Emily Dickinson to Frederick Douglass played with plant imagery to make sense of their world and their country and to bolster their political arguments. Joining me in this episode is Dr. Mary Kuhn, Assistant Professor of English at the University of Virginia, and author of The Garden Politic: Global Plants and Botanical Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “Down by the Salley Gardens,” performed by Celtic Aire, United States Air Force Band; the composition is traditional, and the lyrics are by Willian Butler Yeats; the recording is in the public domain via Wikimedia Commons. The episode image is from Plate VI of Familiar Lectures on Botany, by Almira Phelps, 1838 edition.Additional Sources and References: “The Wardian Case: How a Simple Box Moved the Plant Kingdom,” by Luke Keogh, Arnoldia Volume 74, Issue 4, May 17, 2017. “History of Kew,” Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. “The Great British Tea Heist,” by Sarah Rose, Smithsonian Magazine, March 9, 2010. “Almira Phelps,” History of American Women.  “‘How Many Stamens Has Your Flower?’ The Botanical Education of Emily Dickinson,” by Anne Garner, New York Academy of Medicine, April 28, 2016. “Emily Dickinson’s Schooling: Amherst Academy,” Emily Dickinson Museum. “Gardens at the Stowe Center,” Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. “Hawthorne in the Garden,” by W.H. Demick, The House of the Seven Gables, July 1, 2020. “Frederick Douglass On How Slave Owners Used Food As A Weapon Of Control,” by Nina Martyris, NPR, February 10, 2017. “Cedar Hill: Frederick Douglass's Rustic Sanctuary,” National Park Service. “Amoral Abolitionism: Frederick Douglass and the Environmental Case against Slavery,” by Cristin Ellis, American Literature 1 June 2014; 86 (2): 275–303.  “‘Buried in Guano’: Race, Labor, and Sustainability,” by Jennifer C. James,  American Literary History 24, no. 1 (2012): 115–42. “The Intelligent Plant,” by Michael Pollan, The New Yorker, December 15, 2013.  Braiding Sweetgrass, by Robin Wall Kimmerer, Milkweed Editions, 2015.  The Overstory, by Richard Powers, W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 2019.  The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate--Discoveries from a Secret World, by Peter Wohlleben, Greystone Books, 2016.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

During the 19th Century, growing international trade and imperialist conquest combined with new technologies to transport and care for flora led to a burgeoning fascination with plant life. American writers, from Emily Dickinson to Frederick Douglass played with plant imagery to make sense of their world and their country and to bolster their political arguments. Joining me in this episode is <a href="https://english.as.virginia.edu/people/profile/marykuhn" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Mary Kuhn</a>, Assistant Professor of English at the University of Virginia, and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781479820153" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Garden Politic: Global Plants and Botanical Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode music is “<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Down_by_the_Salley_Gardens_-_Celtic_Aire_-_United_States_Air_Force_Band.mp3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Down by the Salley Gardens</a>,” performed by Celtic Aire, United States Air Force Band; the composition is traditional, and the lyrics are by Willian Butler Yeats; the recording is in the public domain via Wikimedia Commons. The episode image is from <a href="https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/tag/familiar-lectures-on-botany/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Plate VI of Familiar Lectures on Botany</a>, by Almira Phelps, 1838 edition. Additional Sources and References:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://arboretum.harvard.edu/stories/the-wardian-case-how-a-simple-box-moved-the-plant-kingdom/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Wardian Case: How a Simple Box Moved the Plant Kingdom</a>,” by Luke Keogh, Arnoldia Volume 74, Issue 4, May 17, 2017.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.kew.org/about-us/history-of-kew" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History of Kew</a>,” Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-british-tea-heist-9866709/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Great British Tea Heist</a>,” by Sarah Rose, Smithsonian Magazine, March 9, 2010.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2013/08/almira-phelps.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Almira Phelps</a>,” History of American Women. </li> <li>“<a href="https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/tag/familiar-lectures-on-botany/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">‘How Many Stamens Has Your Flower?’ The Botanical Education of Emily Dickinson</a>,” by Anne Garner, New York Academy of Medicine, April 28, 2016.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/emily-dickinson/biography/special-topics/emily-dickinsons-schooling-amherst-academy/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Emily Dickinson’s Schooling: Amherst Academy</a>,” Emily Dickinson Museum.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/visit/gardens/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Gardens at the Stowe Center</a>,” Harriet Beecher Stowe Center.</li> <li>“<a href="https://7gables.org/2020/07/01/hawthorne-in-the-garden/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hawthorne in the Garden</a>,” by W.H. Demick, The House of the Seven Gables, July 1, 2020.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/10/514385071/frederick-douglass-on-how-slave-owners-used-food-as-a-weapon-of-control" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frederick Douglass On How Slave Owners Used Food As A Weapon Of Control</a>,” by Nina Martyris, NPR, February 10, 2017.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/cedar-hill-frederick-douglass-rustic-sanctuary.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cedar Hill: Frederick Douglass's Rustic Sanctuary</a>,” National Park Service.</li> <li>“<a href="https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-2647000" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Amoral Abolitionism: Frederick Douglass and the Environmental Case against Slavery</a>,” by Cristin Ellis, American Literature 1 June 2014; 86 (2): 275–303. </li> <li>“<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41329630" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">‘Buried in Guano’: Race, Labor, and Sustainability</a>,” by Jennifer C. James,  American Literary History 24, no. 1 (2012): 115–42.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/23/the-intelligent-plant" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Intelligent Plant</a>,” by Michael Pollan, The New Yorker, December 15, 2013.</li> <li> <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781571313560" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Braiding Sweetgrass</a>, by Robin Wall Kimmerer, Milkweed Editions, 2015.</li> <li> <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9780393356687" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Overstory</a>, by Richard Powers, W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 2019.</li> <li> <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781771642484" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate--Discoveries from a Secret World</a>, by Peter Wohlleben, Greystone Books, 2016.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

The Plant Revolution and 19th Century American Literature

While voters were casting their ballots in the 1972 presidential election, Native demonstrators had taken over the Bureau of Indian Affairs building in Washington, DC, barricading themselves in with office furniture and preparing to fight with makeshift weapons. The occupation marked the finale of a cross-country caravan, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the activists were demanding the consideration of their Twenty-Point Position Paper, which called for a restoration of Indigenous rights and recognition of Native American sovereignty. Joining me to help us understand the 1972 occupation and to discuss the larger story of native presence and activism in DC is Dr. Elizabeth Rule, author of Indigenous DC: Native Peoples and the Nation's Capital and Founder of the Guide to Indigenous Lands Project.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is Hank Adams, in the fall of 1972, addressing the mission of the cross-country trip to Washington, D.C., from the Hank Adams Collection that was donated to the Washington Secretary of State and is included in: “Hank Adams: “An Uncommon Life.”Additional Sources: “The Trail of Broken Treaties, 1972,” National Park Service “The Trail of Broken Treaties: A March on Washington, DC 1972,” William &amp; Mary Libraries. “Native Americans Take Over Bureau of Indian Affairs: 1972,” by Bob Simpson, The Washington Area Spark, March 26, 2013. “Trail of Broken Treaties 20-Point Position Paper,” October 1872, Minneapolis, Minnesota. “When Native American Activists Occupied Alcatraz Island,” by Evan Andrews, History.com, original November 20, 2014; updated September 1, 2018. “Occupy Wounded Knee: A 71-Day Siege and a Forgotten Civil Rights Movement,” by Emily Chertoff, The Atlantic, October 23, 2012.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

While voters were casting their ballots in the 1972 presidential election, Native demonstrators had taken over the Bureau of Indian Affairs building in Washington, DC, barricading themselves in with office furniture and preparing to fight with makeshift weapons. The occupation marked the finale of a cross-country caravan, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the activists were demanding the consideration of their Twenty-Point Position Paper, which called for a restoration of Indigenous rights and recognition of Native American sovereignty. Joining me to help us understand the 1972 occupation and to discuss the larger story of native presence and activism in DC is <a href="http://www.elizabethrule.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Elizabeth Rule</a>, author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781647123208" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Indigenous DC: Native Peoples and the Nation's Capital</a> and Founder of the <a href="https://www.guidetoindigenouslands.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Guide to Indigenous Lands Project</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2020/12/24/most-important-indian-hank-adams-19432020/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hank Adams</a>, in the fall of 1972, addressing the mission of the cross-country trip to Washington, D.C., from the Hank Adams Collection that was donated to the Washington Secretary of State and is included in: “<a href="https://www2.sos.wa.gov/legacy/who-are-we/stories/hank-adams/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hank Adams: “An Uncommon Life</a>.” Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/trail-of-broken-treaties.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Trail of Broken Treaties, 1972</a>,” National Park Service</li> <li>“<a href="https://muscarelle.wm.edu/rising/broken-treaties/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Trail of Broken Treaties: A March on Washington, DC 1972</a>,” William &amp; Mary Libraries.</li> <li>“<a href="https://washingtonareaspark.com/2013/03/26/native-americans-take-over-bureau-of-indian-affairs-1972/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Native Americans Take Over Bureau of Indian Affairs: 1972</a>,” by Bob Simpson, The Washington Area Spark, March 26, 2013.</li> <li>“<a href="http://www.aimovement.org/archives/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Trail of Broken Treaties 20-Point Position Paper</a>,” October 1872, Minneapolis, Minnesota.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/news/native-american-activists-occupy-alcatraz-island-45-years-ago" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">When Native American Activists Occupied Alcatraz Island</a>,” by Evan Andrews, <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, original November 20, 2014; updated September 1, 2018.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/occupy-wounded-knee-a-71-day-siege-and-a-forgotten-civil-rights-movement/263998/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Occupy Wounded Knee: A 71-Day Siege and a Forgotten Civil Rights Movement</a>,” by Emily Chertoff, The Atlantic, October 23, 2012.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

The 1972 Occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

In the decades following the Civil War, African Americans reliably voted for the Republican Party, which had led the efforts to outlaw slavery and enfranchise Black voters; and white southerners reliably voted for the Democratic Party. When Black voters started to vote for Democratic candidates in larger numbers, starting with the 1936 re-election of FDR, whose New Deal policies had helped poor African Americans, Republicans began to turn their sights toward white Southern voters. By the 1964 Presidential election, Republican Barry Goldwater was actively courting those voters, winning five states in the deep South, despite his otherwise poor showing nationwide. Republican Richard Nixon successfully refined the strategy in his 1968 defeat of Democrat Hubert Humphrey. In the following decades, the Republican Party continued to employ the Southern Strategy, eventually leading to a complete realignment of the parties.Joining me for a deep dive on the Southern Strategy is Dr. Kevin M. Kruse, Professor of History at Princeton University, author of several books on the political and social history of twentieth-century America, and co-editor with fellow Princeton History Dr. Julian E. Zelizer of Myth America: Historians Take on the Biggest Legends and Lies about Our Past. Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is a photograph of Richard Nixon campaigning in 1968; it is in the public domain and available via Wikimedia Commons. The mid-episode audio is the "Go, Go Goldwater" radio jingle produced by Erwin Wasey, Ruthrauff and Ryan, Inc. (EWR &amp; R) from the 1964 presidential campaign; it is widely available on YouTube and is sampled here for educational purpose.Additional Sources:  To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party, by Heather Cox Richardson, Basic Books, 2021. “The Kansas-Nebraska Act,” United States Senate. “Missouri Compromise (1820),” National Archives. “Whig Party,” History.com, Originally Published November 6, 2009, Last Updated July 29, 2022. “Republican Party founded,” History.com, Originally Published February 9, 2010; Last Updated March 18, 2021. “What we get wrong about the Southern strategy,” by Angie Maxwell, The Washington Post, July 26, 2019. “Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy,” by Rick Perlstein, The Nation, November 13, 2012. “How the Southern Strategy Made Donald Trump Possible,” by Jeet Heer, The New Republic, February 18, 2016. “Paul Manafort's role in the Republicans' notorious 'Southern Strategy,'” by Sue Sturgis, Facing South, November 3, 2017. “Candace Owens wrongly called GOP’s Southern strategy a ‘myth,’” by Colby Itkowitz, The Washington Post, April 9, 2019.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the decades following the Civil War, African Americans reliably voted for the Republican Party, which had led the efforts to outlaw slavery and enfranchise Black voters; and white southerners reliably voted for the Democratic Party. When Black voters started to vote for Democratic candidates in larger numbers, starting with the 1936 re-election of FDR, whose New Deal policies had helped poor African Americans, Republicans began to turn their sights toward white Southern voters. By the 1964 Presidential election, Republican Barry Goldwater was actively courting those voters, winning five states in the deep South, despite his otherwise poor showing nationwide. Republican Richard Nixon successfully refined the strategy in his 1968 defeat of Democrat Hubert Humphrey. In the following decades, the Republican Party continued to employ the Southern Strategy, eventually leading to a complete realignment of the parties.Joining me for a deep dive on the Southern Strategy is <a href="http://kevinmkruse.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Kevin M. Kruse</a>, Professor of History at Princeton University, author of several books on the political and social history of twentieth-century America, and co-editor with fellow Princeton History Dr. Julian E. Zelizer of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781541601390" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Myth America: Historians Take on the Biggest Legends and Lies about Our Past</a>. Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is a <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_campaign_rally_1968.png" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">photograph of Richard Nixon campaigning in 1968</a>; it is in the public domain and available via Wikimedia Commons. The mid-episode audio is the "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lro5t2yKHT4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Go, Go Goldwater</a>" radio jingle produced by Erwin Wasey, Ruthrauff and Ryan, Inc. (EWR &amp; R) from the 1964 presidential campaign; it is widely available on YouTube and is sampled here for educational purpose. Additional Sources:<ul> <li> <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781541600621" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party</a>, by Heather Cox Richardson, Basic Books, 2021.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Kansas-Nebraska Act</a>,” United States Senate.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/missouri-compromise" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Missouri Compromise (1820)</a>,” National Archives.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/whig-party" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Whig Party</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally Published November 6, 2009, Last Updated July 29, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/republican-party-founded" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Republican Party founded</a>,” <a href="http://History.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">History.com</a>, Originally Published February 9, 2010; Last Updated March 18, 2021.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/07/26/what-we-get-wrong-about-southern-strategy/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">What we get wrong about the Southern strategy</a>,” by Angie Maxwell, The Washington Post, July 26, 2019.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/exclusive-lee-atwaters-infamous-1981-interview-southern-strategy/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy</a>,” by Rick Perlstein, The Nation, November 13, 2012.</li> <li>“<a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/130039/southern-strategy-made-donald-trump-possible" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">How the Southern Strategy Made Donald Trump Possible</a>,” by Jeet Heer, The New Republic, February 18, 2016.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.facingsouth.org/2017/11/paul-manaforts-role-republicans-notorious-southern-strategy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paul Manafort's role in the Republicans' notorious 'Southern Strategy</a>,'” by Sue Sturgis, Facing South, November 3, 2017.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/candace-owens-wrongfully-called-gops-southern-strategy-a-myth/2019/04/09/e1eaf0de-5afa-11e9-9625-01d48d50ef75_story.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Candace Owens wrongly called GOP’s Southern strategy a ‘myth</a>,’” by Colby Itkowitz, The Washington Post, April 9, 2019.</li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

The Southern Strategy

In 1983, Harold Washington took on the Chicago machine and won, with the help of a multiracial coalition, becoming the first Black mayor of Chicago. Winning the mayoral election was only the first fight, and 29 of the 50 alderpersons on City Council, led by the “the Eddies,” Aldermen Ed Vrdolyak and Edward M. Burke, opposed Washington’s every move. This week we look at Washington’s rise to the 5th floor of City Hall, who helped him get there, and the struggles he faced once elected.Joining me to help us learn more about Harold Washington is Dr. Gordon K. Mantler, Executive Director of the University Writing Program and Associate Professor of Writing and of History at the George Washington University and author of The Multiracial Promise: Harold Washington's Chicago and the Democratic Struggle in Reagan's America.Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is a photo of Harold Washington, US Federal Government, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.Additional Sources: “WASHINGTON, Harold,” HIstory, Art, and Archives, United States House of Representatives. “Mayor Harold Washington Biography,” Chicago Public Library. “Achieving the Dream: Harold Washington,” WTTW Chicago. “Who Was Harold Washington? A Look Back at the Legacy of Chicago's First Black Mayor,” NBC5 Chicago, April 15, 2022. “How Mayor Harold Washington Shaped the City of Chicago,” by Adam Doster, Chicago Magazine, April 29, 2013. “Punch 9 for Harold Washington [video],” directed by Joe Winston, 2021. “The Legacy of Chicago Mayor Harold Washington [video],” UChicago Institute of Politics, Streamed live on Apr 27, 2022. “ILLINOIS SETS UP AT LARGE VOTING; Governor Signs Emergency Bill for House Election,” The New York Times, January 30, 1964, Page 14. “Hyde Park Stories: Harold Washington Park,” by Patricia L. Morse, Hyde Park Historical Society, February 22, 2023.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1983, Harold Washington took on the Chicago machine and won, with the help of a multiracial coalition, becoming the first Black mayor of Chicago. Winning the mayoral election was only the first fight, and 29 of the 50 alderpersons on City Council, led by the “the Eddies,” Aldermen Ed Vrdolyak and Edward M. Burke, opposed Washington’s every move. This week we look at Washington’s rise to the 5th floor of City Hall, who helped him get there, and the struggles he faced once elected.Joining me to help us learn more about Harold Washington is <a href="https://gordonmantler.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dr. Gordon K. Mantler</a>, Executive Director of the University Writing Program and Associate Professor of Writing and of History at the George Washington University and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/34046/9781469673868" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Multiracial Promise: Harold Washington's Chicago and the Democratic Struggle in Reagan's America</a>.Our theme song is <a href="https://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Frogs Legs Rag</a>, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is a <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Washington_h_%281%29.jpg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">photo of Harold Washington</a>, US Federal Government, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Additional Sources:<ul> <li>“<a href="https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/23428" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">WASHINGTON, Harold</a>,” HIstory, Art, and Archives, United States House of Representatives.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.chipublib.org/mayor-harold-washington-biography/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mayor Harold Washington Biography</a>,” Chicago Public Library.</li> <li>“<a href="https://interactive.wttw.com/dusable-to-obama/harold-washington" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Achieving the Dream: Harold Washington</a>,” WTTW Chicago.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-politics/who-was-harold-washington-a-look-back-at-the-legacy-of-chicagos-first-black-mayor/2806193/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Who Was Harold Washington? A Look Back at the Legacy of Chicago's First Black Mayor</a>,” NBC5 Chicago, April 15, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/april-2013/harold-washington/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">How Mayor Harold Washington Shaped the City of Chicago</a>,” by Adam Doster, Chicago Magazine, April 29, 2013.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8005886/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Punch 9 for Harold Washington [video]</a>,” directed by Joe Winston, 2021.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKrC-geJkoU" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Legacy of Chicago Mayor Harold Washington [video]</a>,” UChicago Institute of Politics, Streamed live on Apr 27, 2022.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/30/archives/illinois-sets-up-at-large-voting-governor-signs-emergency-bill-for.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ILLINOIS SETS UP AT LARGE VOTING; Governor Signs Emergency Bill for House Election</a>,” The New York Times, January 30, 1964, Page 14.</li> <li>“<a href="https://www.hydeparkhistory.org/blog/hyde-park-stories-harold-washington-park" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hyde Park Stories: Harold Washington Park</a>,” by Patricia L. Morse, Hyde Park Historical Society, February 22, 2023. </li> </ul> Learn more about your ad choices. Visit <a href="https://megaphone.fm/adchoices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">megaphone.fm/adchoices</a>

Harold Washington

Unsung History

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