When we consider how a vaccine works, we typically think about vaccines that prevent infectious disease like flu or measles. But another type, known as therapeutic vaccines, may be able to treat diseases even after they’ve taken hold in the body – including cancer and viral infections. Similar to preventative vaccines, these therapeutic cancer vaccines work by promoting an immune response. Cancer vaccines are an emerging approach that have the potential to train the immune system to better seek out and destroy cancer cells. Co-host Danielle Mandikian sits down with Lélia Delamarre, Director and Distinguished Scientist, Cancer Immunology, and Ina Rhee, Executive Group Medical Director, Oncology Early Clinical Development, to discuss the fascinating science behind cancer vaccines as well as current challenges and opportunities.Read the full text transcript at https://www.gene.com/stories/learning-from-vaccines-training-our-immune-system-to-fight-cancer

When we consider how a vaccine works, we typically think about vaccines that prevent infectious disease like flu or measles. But another type, known as therapeutic vaccines, may be able to treat diseases even after they’ve taken hold in the body – including cancer and viral infections. Similar to preventative vaccines, these therapeutic cancer vaccines work by promoting an immune response. Cancer vaccines are an emerging approach that have the potential to train the immune system to better seek out and destroy cancer cells. Co-host Danielle Mandikian sits down with Lélia Delamarre, Director and Distinguished Scientist, Cancer Immunology, and Ina Rhee, Executive Group Medical Director, Oncology Early Clinical Development, to discuss the fascinating science behind cancer vaccines as well as current challenges and opportunities. Read the full text transcript at <a href="https://www.gene.com/stories/learning-from-vaccines-training-our-immune-system-to-fight-cancer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.gene.com/stories/learning-from-vaccines-training-our-immune-system-to-fight-cancer</a>

S4E08: Learning from Vaccines: Training our Immune System to Fight Cancer

Because disease outcomes and responses to treatment can vary across populations, clinical research must include patients who are racially, ethnically and gender representative of those who experience health conditions. Scientists are pioneering new ways of achieving inclusive and diverse clinical trials to generate clear results and reveal insights when evaluating new medicines. Co-host Maria Wilson sits down with Nicole Richie, Global Head of Health Equity and Population Science, and Jenn Pangilinan, Vice President, Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED) Clinical Operations, to discuss the nuances of human biological difference and how we can take a more thoughtful approach to diversity in clinical trials. This episode is the second in a two-part series dedicated to inclusivity and diversity in research.Read the full text transcript at www.gene.com/stories/representation-matters-inclusivity-in-clinical-trials

Because disease outcomes and responses to treatment can vary across populations, clinical research must include patients who are racially, ethnically and gender representative of those who experience health conditions. Scientists are pioneering new ways of achieving inclusive and diverse clinical trials to generate clear results and reveal insights when evaluating new medicines. Co-host Maria Wilson sits down with Nicole Richie, Global Head of Health Equity and Population Science, and Jenn Pangilinan, Vice President, Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED) Clinical Operations, to discuss the nuances of human biological difference and how we can take a more thoughtful approach to diversity in clinical trials. This episode is the second in a two-part series dedicated to inclusivity and diversity in research. Read the full text transcript at <a href="http://www.gene.com/stories/representation-matters-inclusivity-in-clinical-trials" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.gene.com/stories/representation-matters-inclusivity-in-clinical-trials</a>

S4E07: Representation Matters: Inclusivity in Clinical Trials

Achieving the first complete sequence of a human genome via the Human Genome Project represents an incredible feat – but it’s just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to unlocking the power of genomics for drug discovery and development. As the scientific community builds on our understanding of genomics, one of the most critical questions becomes, how can we thoughtfully collect and use genetic data to better understand and support the health of all communities, especially those who have been excluded from research in the past? Co-host Maria Wilson sits down with Mark McCarthy, Principal Fellow and Executive Director of Human Genetics, to explore the interplay between genetics, research, and health equity – and the potential for more diverse genetic data to create a more equitable health landscape. This episode is the first in a two-part series dedicated to inclusivity and diversity in research.Read the full text transcript at: www.gene.com/stories/its-personal-inclusive-research-and-precision-medicine

Achieving the first complete sequence of a human genome via the Human Genome Project represents an incredible feat – but it’s just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to unlocking the power of genomics for drug discovery and development. As the scientific community builds on our understanding of genomics, one of the most critical questions becomes, how can we thoughtfully collect and use genetic data to better understand and support the health of all communities, especially those who have been excluded from research in the past? Co-host Maria Wilson sits down with Mark McCarthy, Principal Fellow and Executive Director of Human Genetics, to explore the interplay between genetics, research, and health equity – and the potential for more diverse genetic data to create a more equitable health landscape. This episode is the first in a two-part series dedicated to inclusivity and diversity in research. Read the full text transcript at: <a href="http://www.gene.com/stories/its-personal-inclusive-research-and-precision-medicine" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.gene.com/stories/its-personal-inclusive-research-and-precision-medicine</a>

S4E06: It's Personal: Inclusive Research and Precision Medicine

Bacteria – and their constant ability to rapidly evolve and adapt – represent a scientific challenge that’s equal parts fascinating and disconcerting. The incredible innovations of the past century have not only prevented and treated infections that would otherwise be lethal, but also helped safeguard patients through critical surgeries and other treatments. However, challenges abound for the scientific community when it comes to discovery and development of new antibiotics. Chief among these is antibiotic resistance, with more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections every year leading to over 35,000 deaths. Co-host Danielle Mandikian sits down with Michael Koehler, Principal Scientist, Discovery Chemistry, and Melicent Peck, Project Team Leader and Senior Medical Director, to explore how the field is combating the crisis of resistance through novel antibiotics and antimicrobial stewardship.Read the full text transcript at: www.gene.com/stories/antibiotic-resistance-a-call-to-arms.Note: There is a reference at 10:15 to an infected blister causing the death of Abraham Lincoln's son; it is actually Calvin Coolidge's son.

Bacteria – and their constant ability to rapidly evolve and adapt – represent a scientific challenge that’s equal parts fascinating and disconcerting. The incredible innovations of the past century have not only prevented and treated infections that would otherwise be lethal, but also helped safeguard patients through critical surgeries and other treatments. However, challenges abound for the scientific community when it comes to discovery and development of new antibiotics. Chief among these is antibiotic resistance, with more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections every year leading to over 35,000 deaths. Co-host Danielle Mandikian sits down with Michael Koehler, Principal Scientist, Discovery Chemistry, and Melicent Peck, Project Team Leader and Senior Medical Director, to explore how the field is combating the crisis of resistance through novel antibiotics and antimicrobial stewardship. Read the full text transcript at: <a href="http://www.gene.com/stories/antibiotic-resistance-a-call-to-arms" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.gene.com/stories/antibiotic-resistance-a-call-to-arms</a>. Note: There is a reference at 10:15 to an infected blister causing the death of Abraham Lincoln's son; it is actually Calvin Coolidge's son.

S4E05: Antibiotic Resistance: A Call to Arms

Understanding what happens in the brain is notoriously difficult, but scientists have made progress in the past few decades. For Alzheimer’s disease, scientists have expanded their knowledge of where and when certain proteins, cells and biologic processes can contribute to memory loss and the progression of the disease. Co-host Maria Wilson speaks to Jasi Atwal, Senior Scientist, Neuroscience, and Edmond Teng, Senior Medical Director, to discuss the diverse theories and research approaches to Alzheimer’s disease and how they are informing the development of potential new treatments.Read the full text transcript at www.gene.com/stories/the-where-and-when-of-alzheimers-disease.

Understanding what happens in the brain is notoriously difficult, but scientists have made progress in the past few decades. For Alzheimer’s disease, scientists have expanded their knowledge of where and when certain proteins, cells and biologic processes can contribute to memory loss and the progression of the disease. Co-host Maria Wilson speaks to Jasi Atwal, Senior Scientist, Neuroscience, and Edmond Teng, Senior Medical Director, to discuss the diverse theories and research approaches to Alzheimer’s disease and how they are informing the development of potential new treatments. Read the full text transcript at <a href="http://www.gene.com/stories/the-where-and-when-of-alzheimers-disease" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.gene.com/stories/the-where-and-when-of-alzheimers-disease</a>.

S4E04: The Where and When of Alzheimer’s Disease

Taking a deep breath can seem like a simple process; however, for millions of people with asthma, inflammation of the airways could make it difficult to breathe. While current treatments help manage symptoms, scientists are working to develop new therapies that target the underlying causes of the condition. Co-host Maria Wilson speaks to Jane Kenny, Senior Director and Senior Principal Scientist, Drug Metabolism &amp; Pharmacokinetics, and Mark Wilson, Principal Scientist, Immunology Discovery, to learn more about the biology of asthma, the complexities behind inhaled drug delivery and how current research is informing the future of asthma care.Read the full text transcript at: www.gene.com/stories/take-a-deep-breath-treating-asthma

Taking a deep breath can seem like a simple process; however, for millions of people with asthma, inflammation of the airways could make it difficult to breathe. While current treatments help manage symptoms, scientists are working to develop new therapies that target the underlying causes of the condition. Co-host Maria Wilson speaks to Jane Kenny, Senior Director and Senior Principal Scientist, Drug Metabolism &amp; Pharmacokinetics, and Mark Wilson, Principal Scientist, Immunology Discovery, to learn more about the biology of asthma, the complexities behind inhaled drug delivery and how current research is informing the future of asthma care. Read the full text transcript at: <a href="http://www.gene.com/stories/take-a-deep-breath-treating-asthma" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.gene.com/stories/take-a-deep-breath-treating-asthma</a>

S4E03: Take A Deep Breath: Treating Asthma

Our understanding of what causes multiple sclerosis (MS) has transformed over the last few decades. While discoveries of the cell types involved in MS progression — both immune and brain — have led to major advancements for patients, there is still much to learn. Co-host Danielle Mandikian speaks to Ann Herman, Senior Director and Senior Principal Scientist, OMNI-BD Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Tracy Yuen, Senior Scientist and Biology Team Lead, Neuroscience, to learn more about ongoing research that may inform future therapies.Read the full text transcript at: www.gene.com/stories/demystifying-ms-the-intersection-of-immunology-and-neuroscience

Our understanding of what causes multiple sclerosis (MS) has transformed over the last few decades. While discoveries of the cell types involved in MS progression — both immune and brain — have led to major advancements for patients, there is still much to learn. Co-host Danielle Mandikian speaks to Ann Herman, Senior Director and Senior Principal Scientist, OMNI-BD Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Tracy Yuen, Senior Scientist and Biology Team Lead, Neuroscience, to learn more about ongoing research that may inform future therapies. Read the full text transcript at: <a href="http://www.gene.com/stories/demystifying-ms-the-intersection-of-immunology-and-neuroscience" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.gene.com/stories/demystifying-ms-the-intersection-of-immunology-and-neuroscience</a>

S4E02: Demystifying MS: The Intersection Of Immunology And Neuroscience

Two Scientists Walk Into A Bar is back for a fourth season with new hosts, Maria Wilson and Danielle Mandikian! Get to know the new hosts and preview this season. Subscribe today so you don’t miss an episode!Read the full text transcript at https://www.gene.com/stories/meet-the-hosts-of-season-four?topic=two-scientists-walk-into-a-bar

Two Scientists Walk Into A Bar is back for a fourth season with new hosts, Maria Wilson and Danielle Mandikian! Get to know the new hosts and preview this season. Subscribe today so you don’t miss an episode! Read the full text transcript at <a href="https://www.gene.com/stories/meet-the-hosts-of-season-four?topic=two-scientists-walk-into-a-bar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.gene.com/stories/meet-the-hosts-of-season-four?topic=two-scientists-walk-into-a-bar</a>

Meet The Hosts of Season Four

Cells are the basic unit of life, with a remarkable ability to sense their environment, process information and adapt accordingly. With 37.2 trillion cells in the human body, there remains plenty for scientists to discover about how this symphony of cells is organized and works together. In this special episode, producer Wellington Bowler chats with Aviv Regev, Executive Vice President, Genentech Research and Early Development, to discuss her vision for the roles that single cell genomics and computational biology can play in not only forwarding our basic understanding of biology, but also in our ability to generate new insights about disease and ultimately develop new medicines for patients.

S4E0: Studying the Symphony of Cells

The biological mysteries of age-related diseases have intrigued scientists for decades. In recent years, our expansive knowledge of genetics, thanks to the humble fruit fly, has opened our eyes to the mechanisms underlying these conditions. Now scientists are hoping to apply this knowledge to use the body’s own biological systems to delay the onset of disease or engage repair mechanisms once a disease has arisen. Jane speaks to Heinrich Jasper, Staff Scientist, Immunology Discovery, to learn more about the field of regenerative medicine and extending health.

S3E06: From Fly Genetics to Human Aging: Insights into Regenerative Medicine

From research on cancer vaccines to why we feel pain, scientists are tackling some of the biggest challenges in human biology. Want to find out what they’re working on? Pull up a stool for "Two Scientists Walk Into a Bar." Subscribe below to catch each episode as it goes live.

In Season 1, we talked about using biomarkers and big data to match patients with the best treatment for their disease. In this episode, Jane sits down with David Shames, Senior Director of Cancer Immunotherapy Biomarkers and Staff Scientist in Oncology Biomarker Development, and Mark Lee, Senior Vice President and Global Head of Personalized Healthcare in Product Development, to discuss how a variety of big data approaches can be used to advance knowledge in real-time and aid in delivering more personalized care to patients. Tune in to find out why every scientist in the future just might need to be a data scientist too.

S3E05: Beyond Biomarkers: Calling All Data Scientists

Our eyes are our windows to the world, but what happens when those windows start to fade or disappear? To understand how the eye works, scientists are combining developments in imaging and genetics to see into the eye and better understand why a disease occurs or whether a treatment is working. Hear from our host Jane Grogan and Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Principal Scientist, Immunology, and get a glimpse into how researchers are combining genetics, imaging and natural history data to better predict eye diseases like age-related macular degeneration and potentially treat them earlier. While Menno van Lookeren Campagne was an employee at the time this episode was recorded, he has since left Genentech.

S3E04: A Look Into the Eye

It’s easy to think of cancer as an invader to the body. But in reality, it’s simply the result of a few proofreading errors in DNA replication that occur over time when cells divide. In Episode 3, Jane Grogan chats with Fred de Sauvage, Vice President and Staff Scientist, Molecular Oncology, about how just a handful of mutations can make normal cells go rogue, and how the field is finding new ways to stop the growth of cancer in its tracks.

S3E03: Cancer: When Cells Go Rogue

Last episode, Jane and colleagues unraveled the intricacies of the human microbiome. This week, Jane chats with Mary Keir, Senior Scientist, Biomarker Discovery OMNI, to learn what happens during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), what causes it, and how targeting dysfunction in our immune system, the gut epithelial barrier and our microbiome could reduce inflammation in the gut.

S3E02: Fire in the Gut: IBD Explained

Our bodies are full of bacteria - pounds of them actually. We’re kicking off Season 3 with a closer look at the human microbiome and what happens when the synergistic relationship between our cells and our bacteria goes awry. Jane Grogan talks about the latest discoveries in microbiome research with Allyson Byrd, Associate Scientist, Cancer Immunology, Bioinformatics.

S3E01: Unraveling the Microbiome

Two Scientists Walk Into a Bar is back for a third season with host Jane Grogan chatting with scientists who are leading the charge to understand complex diseases. This season will tackle a range of new topics, including a deep dive into the human microbiome, the latest in multiple sclerosis, asthma and aging, and how Big Data is redefining personalized healthcare. Subscribe today so you don’t miss an episode!

Season Three Teaser

So far this season we’ve talked about the immune system a lot – how immune cells communicate, traffic along connective tissue, and invasive tumors. But what actually is the immune system? What’s it made of? How does it work? To close out our second season, Jane speaks with Andy Chan, Senior Vice President of Research Biology, to unravel the mysteries behind the immune system.

S2E08: Why You Should Study Immunology

Pharmacology is the study of how a medicine works in the body, which is a critical step in understanding what medicines people should be given, and at what dose and schedule. As we learn more about the complex genomics that make each person unique, the role of pharmacologists is becoming increasingly important for personalizing safe and effective treatments. Jane speaks to Sara Kenkare-Mitra, Senior Vice President, Development Sciences, to get a glimpse into the future of this field.

S2E07: The Therapeutic Window

Neurons, the cells that make up our brain, are some of the most unique cells in our bodies. The complex nature of how they communicate leads to everything we say, think, or do. That complexity makes it hard to correct neural communication when something goes wrong, as in neurodegenerative diseases. What can we do to fix that? Jane talks to Casper Hoogenraad, Senior Director and Staff Scientist in Neuroscience, to find out more.

S2E06: The Polarizing World of Neurons

The lifecycle of a cell mirrors our own lives – cells live and die as we do. It would be easy to think of cell death, or apoptosis, as a negative action, but the death of a cell is actually critical to many of the important biological functions that keep our bodies running. Learn more about the mysteries behind cell death from Vishva Dixit, M.D., Vice President, Physiological Chemistry.

S2E05: Why Cells Die

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Two Scientists Walk Into a Bar

Pain is actually good for us. Until it’s not. Discovering how to fight chronic pain, while leaving acute pain intact, is no easy venture. Join Morgan Sheng as he takes us on a tour of the different pain systems in our body, and how a family of Pakistani street performers helped scientists identify a novel target for treatment.

S1E02: Ouch! Our Bodies and Pain

Communication is the key to good relationships. That’s true not only for people, but for our cells as well. If cellular communication goes wrong, your brain may stop processing information, or your organs might form tumors. So how do cells talk to each other? This week Jane Grogan sits down with Shiva Malek, whose work focuses on “eavesdropping” on the chatter between cells to understand what they’re saying and what goes wrong in a diseased state like cancer. We’re sure the cells don’t mind.

S1E03: How Your Cells Talk to Each Other (Hint: Not by Cell Phones)

In 1848 an explosion launched an iron rod through Phineas Gage’s brain. He miraculously survived, but wasn’t the same person, giving scientists the first clues into how neurodegeneration can affect what it means to be human. In our latest episode, we sit down with Geoff Kerchner to learn about the latest ways scientists are trying to halt the neurodegeneration seen in diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and ALS. As both a practicing neurologist and research scientist, Geoff gives us an inside peek at how his findings from the clinic can help unravel some of the most fundamental mysteries about the brain.

S1E04: The Degenerating Brain

Each person’s cancer is unique, so trying to match the right treatment to the right person is one of cancer biology’s biggest remaining challenges. In our latest episode, Priti Hegde, Director of Oncology Biomarker Development at Genentech, talks about how big data and advanced technology are guiding the future of personalized cancer immunotherapies.

S1E07: Biomarkers and Big Data

Designing a clinical trial is fascinatingly complex. There are dozens of variables that could influence the ability of any given trial to be successful. Navigating this complexity is truly a science unto itself. In our latest episode, Merdad Parsey, Senior Vice President of Early Clinical Development, explains how the science of clinical trial design has evolved, and where it’s headed.

S1E08: Designing Early Stage Clinical Trials

Bacteria are remarkably fast shape-shifters. As soon as we develop new antibiotics against them, they mutate, leading to drug-resistant strains the world has never seen before. This could mean that one day we end up weaponless against an army of drug-resistant superbugs. But a new generation of “super antibiotics” could hold the key to overcoming this problem. Learn how as we sit down with Rick Brown, Vice President of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Genentech, in our latest podcast.

S1E05: The Search for Super Antibiotics

Some types of breast cancer can become “addicted” to estrogen signaling, so treatments that target the estrogen receptor were once thought to be a magic bullet against this disease. But breast cancer is sneaky, and some mutations can allow it to sidestep these types of targeted therapies. In our latest episode, Lori Friedman, Senior Director of Translational Oncology at Genentech, talks about the ways scientists are trying to stay one step ahead of breast cancer.

S1E06: Continuing the Fight Against Breast Cancer

Despite the best efforts of the human immune system, viruses and bacteria are constantly evolving to find new ways to breach our bodies’ natural defenses. Over the years, scientists have stepped in to develop novel ways to help the immune system in fighting infectious diseases. It’s a complicated field, which is why in this episode Jane is bringing in two scientists – Man Wah Tan, Senior Director and Principal Scientist, and Jorge Tavel, Group Medical Director, from the infectious disease team – to talk about where the field is headed.

S2E04: Viruses, Bacteria and How to Beat Them

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