To learn more about restoration action - and get involved - visit RESTOR from the Crowther Lab at https://restor.eco. Soil doesn't seem like it's "alive", yet it functions like a living thing in lots of key ways. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Soil health: the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, promote the quality of air and water environments, and maintain plant, animal, and human health Living system: an open self-organizing life form that interacts with its environment Ecosystem services: varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Harshberger, JW. (1911) The Soil, A Living Thing. Reprinted from Science, N.S. vol. 33 No. 854. 469.1 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.33.854.741 Minami K. (2021) “Soil is a living substance”. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 67: 26-30. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380768.2020.1827939  Rattal Lal, personal communication (11/19/21) Asmeret Berhe, personal communication (12/2/21)

To learn more about restoration action - and get involved - visit RESTOR from the Crowther Lab at https://restor.eco. Soil doesn't seem like it's "alive", yet it functions like a living thing in lots of key ways. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Soil health: the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, promote the quality of air and water environments, and maintain plant, animal, and human health Living system: an open self-organizing life form that interacts with its environment Ecosystem services: varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Harshberger, JW. (1911) The Soil, A Living Thing. Reprinted from Science, N.S. vol. 33 No. 854. 469.1 <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.33.854.741" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.33.854.741</a> Minami K. (2021) “Soil is a living substance”. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 67: 26-30. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380768.2020.1827939" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380768.2020.1827939</a> Rattal Lal, personal communication (11/19/21) Asmeret Berhe, personal communication (12/2/21)

It’s Alive! (Or Is It?)

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth Bitcoin and other blockchain technologies, like NFTs, work a lot like reindeer mating. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Bitcoin: a digital currency known as a cryptocurrency, which uses a proof-of-work consensus to validate transactions and create new units of Bitcoin. - Proof-of-work: a decentralized consensus mechanism that requires members of a network to expend effort solving an arbitrary mathematical puzzle to prevent malicious activity - Blockchain: a record of transactions made in Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency maintained across several linked computers, which can also be used in non-cryptocurrency applications - Mining: the process of validating transactions and creating new Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies - Sexual selection: a form of natural selection driven by competition between members of a species of one sex for access to mating partners of another sex that favors certain characteristics SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer and Narrator Ever Salazar | Director Aldo de Vos | Illustration, Video Editing, Animation, and Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Antonopoulos, Andreas M. "Mastering bitcoin." (2019) Brennan, P. “Sexual Selection.” (2010) Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):79 https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/sexual-selection-13255240/ Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI), University of Cambridge, https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index. de Vries, Alex. “Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index.” Digiconomist, 6 Nov. 2021, https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption. Goss, Richard J. Deer antlers: regeneration, function and evolution. Academic Press, 2012. Panko, Ben. “Go Big or Go Generic: How Sexual Selection Is like Advertising.” Smithsonian Magazine, Smithsonian Institution, 6 Dec. 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/either-go-big-or-go-generic-how-sexual-selection-advertising-180961311/.

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at <a href="https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth</a> Bitcoin and other blockchain technologies, like NFTs, work a lot like reindeer mating. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Bitcoin: a digital currency known as a cryptocurrency, which uses a proof-of-work consensus to validate transactions and create new units of Bitcoin. - Proof-of-work: a decentralized consensus mechanism that requires members of a network to expend effort solving an arbitrary mathematical puzzle to prevent malicious activity - Blockchain: a record of transactions made in Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency maintained across several linked computers, which can also be used in non-cryptocurrency applications - Mining: the process of validating transactions and creating new Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies - Sexual selection: a form of natural selection driven by competition between members of a species of one sex for access to mating partners of another sex that favors certain characteristics SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer and Narrator Ever Salazar | Director Aldo de Vos | Illustration, Video Editing, Animation, and Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Antonopoulos, Andreas M. "Mastering bitcoin." (2019) Brennan, P. “Sexual Selection.” (2010) Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):79 <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/sexual-selection-13255240/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/sexual-selection-13255240/</a> Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI), University of Cambridge, <a href="https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index</a>. de Vries, Alex. “Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index.” Digiconomist, 6 Nov. 2021, <a href="https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption</a>. Goss, Richard J. Deer antlers: regeneration, function and evolution. Academic Press, 2012. Panko, Ben. “Go Big or Go Generic: How Sexual Selection Is like Advertising.” Smithsonian Magazine, Smithsonian Institution, 6 Dec. 2016, <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/either-go-big-or-go-generic-how-sexual-selection-advertising-180961311/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/either-go-big-or-go-generic-how-sexual-selection-advertising-180961311/</a>.

How Reindeer Explain Bitcoin

GiveWell is matching donations from first-time donors dollar for dollar up to $250. Click on https://bit.ly/3rHPv9a to donate and be sure to use the fundraiser code MINUTEEARTH at checkout to make sure your donation gets matched A broken bone might seem worse than a sprain, but you'll get over it much more quickly. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Aqueous humour: The clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea. Bone remodeling: The continuous process of synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains normal calcium levels in the body. Ligament: A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. Sprain: A stretching or tearing of ligaments. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Cameron Duke (@dukeofcam) | Script Writer Kate Yoshida | Script Editor, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Landzhov, B. (2015). The Epiligament-The Main Donor of Cells and Vessels during Healing Of the Collateral Ligaments of the Knee. Anatomy &amp; Physiology, s4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.s4-006 Leong, N. L., Kator, J. L., Clemens, T. L., James, A., Enamoto‐Iwamoto, M., &amp; Jiang, J. (2019). Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 38(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24475 Marsell, R., &amp; Einhorn, T. A. (2011). The biology of fracture healing. Injury, 42(6), 551–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031 Martini, F., Nath, J. L., &amp; Bartholomew, E. F. (2018). Fundamentals of anatomy &amp; physiology (11th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. Smith, P., &amp; Bollier, M. (2014). Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries. Journal of Knee Surgery, 27(05), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1381961

GiveWell is matching donations from first-time donors dollar for dollar up to $250. Click on <a href="https://bit.ly/3rHPv9a" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3rHPv9a</a> to donate and be sure to use the fundraiser code MINUTEEARTH at checkout to make sure your donation gets matched A broken bone might seem worse than a sprain, but you'll get over it much more quickly. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Aqueous humour: The clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea. Bone remodeling: The continuous process of synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains normal calcium levels in the body. Ligament: A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. Sprain: A stretching or tearing of ligaments. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Cameron Duke (@dukeofcam) | Script Writer Kate Yoshida | Script Editor, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Landzhov, B. (2015). The Epiligament-The Main Donor of Cells and Vessels during Healing Of the Collateral Ligaments of the Knee. Anatomy &amp; Physiology, s4. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.s4-006" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.s4-006</a> Leong, N. L., Kator, J. L., Clemens, T. L., James, A., Enamoto‐Iwamoto, M., &amp; Jiang, J. (2019). Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 38(1), 7–12. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24475" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24475</a> Marsell, R., &amp; Einhorn, T. A. (2011). The biology of fracture healing. Injury, 42(6), 551–555. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031</a> Martini, F., Nath, J. L., &amp; Bartholomew, E. F. (2018). Fundamentals of anatomy &amp; physiology (11th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. Smith, P., &amp; Bollier, M. (2014). Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries. Journal of Knee Surgery, 27(05), 359–368. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1381961" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1381961</a>

Which Is Worse?

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth. Extreme weather sometimes happens in very specific areas thanks to extreme surface temperature differences. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Evapotranspiration: the return of water to the atmosphere from the ground surface. Troposphere: The lowest region of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending usually to around 10 km above the Earth’s surface. Tropopause: The top-most boundary of the troposphere. Low Pressure System: An area of relatively low pressure that draws air into it, causing converging winds. Micro-climate: The climate of a very small or restricted area. Heat Island: An urban area that has higher average temperatures than its surrounding due to the heat absorption of materials like concrete and asphalt. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS *** Articles from Denver Post, Denverite, BBC, itv News,The Independent, Weather Channel, NBC 10 Philadelphia, WFMZ 69, WQAD 8 abc, KSDK 5 OUR LINKS ** Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ** MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub. Topic Summary: Mitigating Climate Change with Reflective Pavements. (2021). Retrieved from: https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Albedo%201113_0.pdf Randel W. J., Jensen E. J., (2013) Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience Vol 6, pp 169. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733 Kurn, D M, Bretz, S E, Huang, B, and Akbari, H. (1994) "The potential for reducing urban air temperatures and energy consumption through vegetative cooling." United States OSTI, Retrieved from: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10180633-potential-reducing-urban-air-temperatures-energy-consumption-through-vegetative-cooling Lejeune, Q., Davin, E.L., Gudmundsson, L. et al. (2018) Historical deforestation locally increased the intensity of hot days in northern mid-latitudes. Nature Clim Change 8, 386–390. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0131-z Ma J., Chadwick R., Seo K. H., Dong C., Huang G., Foltz G. R., Jiang J. H. (2018) Responses of the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation to Climate Change and Connection to the Hydrological Cycle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 46:549–580. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517010102 Terzi, L. (2021). Personal communication. Belgian Nuclear Research Center.

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at <a href="https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth</a>. Extreme weather sometimes happens in very specific areas thanks to extreme surface temperature differences. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Evapotranspiration: the return of water to the atmosphere from the ground surface. Troposphere: The lowest region of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending usually to around 10 km above the Earth’s surface. Tropopause: The top-most boundary of the troposphere. Low Pressure System: An area of relatively low pressure that draws air into it, causing converging winds. Micro-climate: The climate of a very small or restricted area. Heat Island: An urban area that has higher average temperatures than its surrounding due to the heat absorption of materials like concrete and asphalt. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS *** Articles from Denver Post, Denverite, BBC, itv News,The Independent, Weather Channel, NBC 10 Philadelphia, WFMZ 69, WQAD 8 abc, KSDK 5 OUR LINKS ** Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ** MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub. Topic Summary: Mitigating Climate Change with Reflective Pavements. (2021). Retrieved from: <a href="https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Albedo%201113_0.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Albedo%201113_0.pdf</a> Randel W. J., Jensen E. J., (2013) Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience Vol 6, pp 169. Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733</a> Kurn, D M, Bretz, S E, Huang, B, and Akbari, H. (1994) "The potential for reducing urban air temperatures and energy consumption through vegetative cooling." United States OSTI, Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10180633-potential-reducing-urban-air-temperatures-energy-consumption-through-vegetative-cooling" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10180633-potential-reducing-urban-air-temperatures-energy-consumption-through-vegetative-cooling</a> Lejeune, Q., Davin, E.L., Gudmundsson, L. et al. (2018) Historical deforestation locally increased the intensity of hot days in northern mid-latitudes. Nature Clim Change 8, 386–390. Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0131-z" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0131-z</a> Ma J., Chadwick R., Seo K. H., Dong C., Huang G., Foltz G. R., Jiang J. H. (2018) Responses of the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation to Climate Change and Connection to the Hydrological Cycle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 46:549–580. Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517010102" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517010102</a> Terzi, L. (2021). Personal communication. Belgian Nuclear Research Center.

Why The Weather Is Worse At The Mall

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth. Our oceans don’t technically contain salt, but the ions salt is made of play a critical role in planet-wide processes that make the Earth habitable. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Salt: chemical compounds made of positively- and negatively-charged particles called “ions” like sodium and chloride Convection current: the movement of fluid, like water, due to a difference in temperature and/or density Hydrothermal vent: a fissure on the seafloor that takes in dense ocean water and discharges water heated by volcanic activity below the seafloor. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@thejuliangomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Duxbury, A. C. (n.d.). Seawater. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 3, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater. Earley, Joseph E. "Why there is no salt in the sea." Foundations of Chemistry 7.1 (2005): 85-102. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:FOCH.0000042881.05418.15 Henney, J. E., C. L. Taylor, and C. S. Boon. "Taste and flavor roles of sodium in foods: A unique challenge to reducing sodium intake." Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in The United States; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA (2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50958/ Ouillon, Raphael, et al. "Halite precipitation from double‐diffusive salt fingers in the Dead Sea: Numerical simulations." Water Resources Research 55.5 (2019): 4252-4265. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019WR024818

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at <a href="https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth</a>. Our oceans don’t technically contain salt, but the ions salt is made of play a critical role in planet-wide processes that make the Earth habitable. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Salt: chemical compounds made of positively- and negatively-charged particles called “ions” like sodium and chloride Convection current: the movement of fluid, like water, due to a difference in temperature and/or density Hydrothermal vent: a fissure on the seafloor that takes in dense ocean water and discharges water heated by volcanic activity below the seafloor. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@thejuliangomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Duxbury, A. C. (n.d.). Seawater. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 3, 2021, from <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater</a>. Earley, Joseph E. "Why there is no salt in the sea." Foundations of Chemistry 7.1 (2005): 85-102. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:FOCH.0000042881.05418.15" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:FOCH.0000042881.05418.15</a> Henney, J. E., C. L. Taylor, and C. S. Boon. "Taste and flavor roles of sodium in foods: A unique challenge to reducing sodium intake." Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in The United States; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA (2010). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50958/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50958/</a> Ouillon, Raphael, et al. "Halite precipitation from double‐diffusive salt fingers in the Dead Sea: Numerical simulations." Water Resources Research 55.5 (2019): 4252-4265. <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019WR024818" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019WR024818</a>

Why The Ocean Needs Salt (Bus Has None)

BLACK FRIDAY OFFER: Get 42% off of both CuriosityStream and Nebula when you sign up at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth by 11/28. The urushiol molecules in poison ivy have the ability to trigger a harmful immune response in most people because the immune system mistakenly labels them as a threat. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Allergy: A damaging immune response by the body to a substance. Allergen: The substance that causes the allergic reaction. Urushiol: The allergen in poison ivy and poison oak. Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An allergic response caused by contact with a substance that causes rash or lesions at the site of the exposure. Langerhans Cell: An immune sentinel that lives in the epidermis of the skin but can travel to nearby lymph nodes. Helper T Cell: A type of white blood cell that activates immune responses in the body. Thrush: A white skin rash caused by the fungus candida. Anaphylaxis: A whole body allergic reaction that can include throat swelling. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Khaled Marwa, Noah P. Kondamudi (2021) Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction. StatPearls. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562228/ John Barrat (2014), A Poison Ivy Primer, Smithsonian Retrieved from: https://www.si.edu/stories/poison-ivy-primer Florian Winau (2021) Personal Communication. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School. Tiffany Scharschmidt (2021) Personal Communication. Department of Dermatology, UCSF Medical School. Yesul Kim, Alexandra Flamm, Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Daniel H. Kaplan, Raymond J. Hage Jr, Curtis P. Hamann, and James G. Marks Jr (2019). Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac Dermatitis: What Is Known and What Is New? Dermatitis. 30: 3 (183-190). Retrieved from: https://journals.lww.com/dermatitis/Abstract/2019/05000/Poison_Ivy,_Oak,_and_Sumac_Dermatitis__What_Is.2.aspx

BLACK FRIDAY OFFER: Get 42% off of both CuriosityStream and Nebula when you sign up at <a href="https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth</a> by 11/28. The urushiol molecules in poison ivy have the ability to trigger a harmful immune response in most people because the immune system mistakenly labels them as a threat. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Allergy: A damaging immune response by the body to a substance. Allergen: The substance that causes the allergic reaction. Urushiol: The allergen in poison ivy and poison oak. Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An allergic response caused by contact with a substance that causes rash or lesions at the site of the exposure. Langerhans Cell: An immune sentinel that lives in the epidermis of the skin but can travel to nearby lymph nodes. Helper T Cell: A type of white blood cell that activates immune responses in the body. Thrush: A white skin rash caused by the fungus candida. Anaphylaxis: A whole body allergic reaction that can include throat swelling. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Khaled Marwa, Noah P. Kondamudi (2021) Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction. StatPearls. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562228/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562228/</a> John Barrat (2014), A Poison Ivy Primer, Smithsonian Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.si.edu/stories/poison-ivy-primer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.si.edu/stories/poison-ivy-primer</a> Florian Winau (2021) Personal Communication. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School. Tiffany Scharschmidt (2021) Personal Communication. Department of Dermatology, UCSF Medical School. Yesul Kim, Alexandra Flamm, Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Daniel H. Kaplan, Raymond J. Hage Jr, Curtis P. Hamann, and James G. Marks Jr (2019). Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac Dermatitis: What Is Known and What Is New? Dermatitis. 30: 3 (183-190). Retrieved from: <a href="https://journals.lww.com/dermatitis/Abstract/2019/05000/Poison_Ivy,_Oak,_and_Sumac_Dermatitis__What_Is.2.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://journals.lww.com/dermatitis/Abstract/2019/05000/Poison_Ivy,_Oak,_and_Sumac_Dermatitis__What_Is.2.aspx</a>

The Most Common Allergy In The World

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth. The way we experience seasons don't necessarily line up with how they're technically defined - here's why. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Astronomical seasons - seasons that are defined by equinoxes and solstices (not temperature or weather) Equinox: the time/dates at which the sun crosses the celestial equator, when day and night are of approximately equal length Solstice: the time/dates at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days Seasonal lag: the phenomenon by which the hottest/coldest days of the year are delayed until after the days with the most/least sunlight SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Josh Taira | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** ABC News: “Spring, summer, autumn and winter — why do we have seasons?” https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-09-01/seasons-and-their-changes-explained/8858776 Coastal Interpretive Center: “Equinoxes, Solstices, and Why We Have Seasons” https://interpretivecenter.org/equinoxes-solstices-and-why-we-have-seasons/ KNPR Krulwich Wonders: “Not All Seasons Are Created Equal” https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5335287 National Weather Service: “The Seasons, the Equinox, and the Solstices” https://www.weather.gov/cle/Seasons

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at <a href="https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth</a>. The way we experience seasons don't necessarily line up with how they're technically defined - here's why. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Astronomical seasons - seasons that are defined by equinoxes and solstices (not temperature or weather) Equinox: the time/dates at which the sun crosses the celestial equator, when day and night are of approximately equal length Solstice: the time/dates at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days Seasonal lag: the phenomenon by which the hottest/coldest days of the year are delayed until after the days with the most/least sunlight SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Josh Taira | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** ABC News: “Spring, summer, autumn and winter — why do we have seasons?” <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-09-01/seasons-and-their-changes-explained/8858776" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-09-01/seasons-and-their-changes-explained/8858776</a> Coastal Interpretive Center: “Equinoxes, Solstices, and Why We Have Seasons” <a href="https://interpretivecenter.org/equinoxes-solstices-and-why-we-have-seasons/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://interpretivecenter.org/equinoxes-solstices-and-why-we-have-seasons/</a> KNPR Krulwich Wonders: “Not All Seasons Are Created Equal” <a href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5335287" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5335287</a> National Weather Service: “The Seasons, the Equinox, and the Solstices” <a href="https://www.weather.gov/cle/Seasons" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.weather.gov/cle/Seasons</a>

Why The Shortest Day Of The Year Isn't The Coldest

Start building your ideal daily routine 💪 The first 100 people who click on the link will get 25% OFF 🎁 Fabulous Premium ➡️https://thefab.co/minuteearth2 The competitive exclusion principle predicts that there would just be a few species of plankton, but instead there are thousands. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Competitive Exclusion Principle: The idea that two similar species cannot inhabit the same ecological niche. Phytoplankton: Microscopic flora that drift with the ocean currents. Lotka-Volterra Competitive Equations: A simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for the same resources. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176  REFERENCES ***** Scheffer, M., Rinaldi, S., Huisman, J. et al. (2003) Why plankton communities have no equilibrium: solutions to the paradox. Hydrobiologia 491, 9–18. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024404804748 Nicholas R. Record, Andrew J. Pershing, Frédéric Maps (2014) The paradox of the “paradox of the plankton”, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 71, Issue 2,Pages 236–240. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst049 Harden, Garrett. (1960). The Competitive Exclusion Principle. Science. 131. 3409 (1292-1297). Retrieved from: https://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/seminars/hardin.pdf Shovonlal Roy, J. Chattopadhyay, (2007) Towards a resolution of ‘the paradox of the plankton’: A brief overview of the proposed mechanisms. Ecological Complexity, Volume 4, Issues 1–2 (26-33). Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1476945X07000165 Susan Harrison, Howard Cornell and Kara A. Moore (2010) Spatial niches and coexistence: testing theory with tarweeds. Ecology, Vol. 91, No. 7 pp. 2141-2150 Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25680467

Start building your ideal daily routine 💪 The first 100 people who click on the link will get 25% OFF 🎁 Fabulous Premium ➡️<a href="https://thefab.co/minuteearth2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://thefab.co/minuteearth2</a> The competitive exclusion principle predicts that there would just be a few species of plankton, but instead there are thousands. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Competitive Exclusion Principle: The idea that two similar species cannot inhabit the same ecological niche. Phytoplankton: Microscopic flora that drift with the ocean currents. Lotka-Volterra Competitive Equations: A simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for the same resources. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Scheffer, M., Rinaldi, S., Huisman, J. et al. (2003) Why plankton communities have no equilibrium: solutions to the paradox. Hydrobiologia 491, 9–18. Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024404804748" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024404804748</a> Nicholas R. Record, Andrew J. Pershing, Frédéric Maps (2014) The paradox of the “paradox of the plankton”, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 71, Issue 2,Pages 236–240. Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst049" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst049</a> Harden, Garrett. (1960). The Competitive Exclusion Principle. Science. 131. 3409 (1292-1297). Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/seminars/hardin.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/seminars/hardin.pdf</a> Shovonlal Roy, J. Chattopadhyay, (2007) Towards a resolution of ‘the paradox of the plankton’: A brief overview of the proposed mechanisms. Ecological Complexity, Volume 4, Issues 1–2 (26-33). Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1476945X07000165" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1476945X07000165</a> Susan Harrison, Howard Cornell and Kara A. Moore (2010) Spatial niches and coexistence: testing theory with tarweeds. Ecology, Vol. 91, No. 7 pp. 2141-2150 Retrieved from: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25680467" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/25680467</a>

The Plankton Paradox

To find out how you can help Nature Canada protect at least 30% of the world’s lands and ocean by 2030, visit https://www.naturecanada.ca/?utm_source=MinuteEarth. A technology to ignore birds on radar ended up being useful to study and conserve them. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Radar aeroecology - the use of radar to study airborne life, like birds, bats, and bugs Radar ornithology - the use of radar to study birds, especially bird migration Dual-polarization radar - radar that transmits and receives waves in both a horizontal and vertical orientation, giving a better idea of a target’s size, shape, and variety. Doppler effect - a change in a wave’s frequency in relation to whatever is observing it, such as a radar, but also your ears (it’s the reason a sound like an ambulance siren changes as it gets closer or further away from you). SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman (@sarahjberman) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS *** Radar footage by National Weather Service, BirdCast, and Alex Bencke Swallows footage by Ted Cheskey, Nature Canada OUR LINKS ** Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ** Bauer, Silke, et al. "The grand challenges of migration ecology that radar aeroecology can help answer." Ecography 42.5 (2019): 861-875. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04083 Dokter, Adriaan M., et al. "Bird migration flight altitudes studied by a network of operational weather radars." Journal of the Royal Society Interface 8.54 (2011): 30-43. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2010.0116 Duda, Jeff. "How to use and interpret Doppler weather radar." Retrieved July 18 (2009): 2014. https://meteor.geol.iastate.edu/~jdduda/portfolio/How%20to%20read%20and%20interpret%20weather%20radar.pdf Fox, Anthony D., and Patrick DL Beasley. "David Lack and the birth of radar ornithology." Archives of natural history 37.2 (2010): 325-332. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.2010.0013 Gauthreaux Jr, Sidney A., and Carroll G. Belser. "Radar ornithology and biological conservation." The Auk 120.2 (2003): 266-277. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4090179 Hüppop, Ommo, et al. "Perspectives and challenges for the use of radar in biological conservation." Ecography 42.5 (2019): 912-930. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04063 Lack, David, and G. C. Varley. "Detection of birds by radar." Nature 156.3963 (1945): 446-446. https://www.nature.com/articles/156446a0 Marshall, S., &amp; Toma, A. (2012, May 23). The close calls: How false alarms triggered fears of Nuclear War. Council for a Livable World. Retrieved November 2, 2021, from https://livableworld.org/the-close-calls-how-false-alarms-triggered-fears-of-nuclear-war/. Schuur, T., et al. "Observations and classification of echoes with the polarimetric WSR-88D radar." Report of the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK 73069 (2003): 46. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.540.9868&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf Stepanian, Phillip M., et al. "Dual‐polarization radar products for biological applications." Ecosphere 7.11 (2016): e01539. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.1539 Tang, Lin, et al. "A physically based precipitation–nonprecipitation radar echo classifier using polarimetric and environmental data in a real-time national system." Weather and Forecasting 29.5 (2014): 1106-1119. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/29/5/waf-d-13-00072_1.xml Zhang, Pengfei, Shun Liu, and Qin Xu. "Identifying Doppler velocity contamination caused by migrating birds. Part I: Feature extraction and quantification." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22.8 (2005): 1105-1113. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atot/22/8/jtech1757_1.xml

To find out how you can help Nature Canada protect at least 30% of the world’s lands and ocean by 2030, visit <a href="https://www.naturecanada.ca/?utm_source=MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.naturecanada.ca/?utm_source=MinuteEarth</a>. A technology to ignore birds on radar ended up being useful to study and conserve them. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Radar aeroecology - the use of radar to study airborne life, like birds, bats, and bugs Radar ornithology - the use of radar to study birds, especially bird migration Dual-polarization radar - radar that transmits and receives waves in both a horizontal and vertical orientation, giving a better idea of a target’s size, shape, and variety. Doppler effect - a change in a wave’s frequency in relation to whatever is observing it, such as a radar, but also your ears (it’s the reason a sound like an ambulance siren changes as it gets closer or further away from you). SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman (@sarahjberman) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS *** Radar footage by National Weather Service, BirdCast, and Alex Bencke Swallows footage by Ted Cheskey, Nature Canada OUR LINKS ** Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ** Bauer, Silke, et al. "The grand challenges of migration ecology that radar aeroecology can help answer." Ecography 42.5 (2019): 861-875. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04083" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04083</a> Dokter, Adriaan M., et al. "Bird migration flight altitudes studied by a network of operational weather radars." Journal of the Royal Society Interface 8.54 (2011): 30-43. <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2010.0116" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2010.0116</a> Duda, Jeff. "How to use and interpret Doppler weather radar." Retrieved July 18 (2009): 2014. <a href="https://meteor.geol.iastate.edu/~jdduda/portfolio/How%20to%20read%20and%20interpret%20weather%20radar.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://meteor.geol.iastate.edu/~jdduda/portfolio/How%20to%20read%20and%20interpret%20weather%20radar.pdf</a> Fox, Anthony D., and Patrick DL Beasley. "David Lack and the birth of radar ornithology." Archives of natural history 37.2 (2010): 325-332. <a href="https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.2010.0013" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.2010.0013</a> Gauthreaux Jr, Sidney A., and Carroll G. Belser. "Radar ornithology and biological conservation." The Auk 120.2 (2003): 266-277. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4090179" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/4090179</a> Hüppop, Ommo, et al. "Perspectives and challenges for the use of radar in biological conservation." Ecography 42.5 (2019): 912-930. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04063" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04063</a> Lack, David, and G. C. Varley. "Detection of birds by radar." Nature 156.3963 (1945): 446-446. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/156446a0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/156446a0</a> Marshall, S., &amp; Toma, A. (2012, May 23). The close calls: How false alarms triggered fears of Nuclear War. Council for a Livable World. Retrieved November 2, 2021, from <a href="https://livableworld.org/the-close-calls-how-false-alarms-triggered-fears-of-nuclear-war/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://livableworld.org/the-close-calls-how-false-alarms-triggered-fears-of-nuclear-war/</a>. Schuur, T., et al. "Observations and classification of echoes with the polarimetric WSR-88D radar." Report of the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK 73069 (2003): 46. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.540.9868&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.540.9868&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf</a> Stepanian, Phillip M., et al. "Dual‐polarization radar products for biological applications." Ecosphere 7.11 (2016): e01539. <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.1539" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.1539</a> Tang, Lin, et al. "A physically based precipitation–nonprecipitation radar echo classifier using polarimetric and environmental data in a real-time national system." Weather and Forecasting 29.5 (2014): 1106-1119. <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/29/5/waf-d-13-00072_1.xml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/29/5/waf-d-13-00072_1.xml</a> Zhang, Pengfei, Shun Liu, and Qin Xu. "Identifying Doppler velocity contamination caused by migrating birds. Part I: Feature extraction and quantification." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22.8 (2005): 1105-1113. <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atot/22/8/jtech1757_1.xml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atot/22/8/jtech1757_1.xml</a>

How Birds Fooled Military Radar

Get your butt-, er, book here: https://www.minuteearth.com/books/ Hyenas communicate via an information-dense physical medium (hyena butter) - and now MinuteEarth does too (book). SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer and Narrator David Goldenberg | Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS *** Hyena audio clips by Dr. Kenna Lehmann OUR LINKS ** Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ** Hofer, H., M. L. East, I. Sammang, and &amp; M. Dehnhard. 2001. Analysis of volatile compounds in scent-marks of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and their possible function in olfactory communication. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 9:141–148. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0671-3_18 Theis, K.R., Venkataraman, A., Dycus, J. A., Koonter, K.D.S., Schmitt-Matzen, E.N., Wagner. A.P., Holekamp, K.E., &amp; Schmidt, T.M (2013) Symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 19832–19837. Retrieved from: https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1306477110 Theis, K. R., Schmidt, T. M. &amp; Holekamp, K. E. (2012) Evidence for a bacterial mechanism for group-specific social odors among hyenas. Scientific Reports 2, 615. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431069/ MinuteEarth (2021). MinuteEarth Explains: How Did Whales Get So Big? &amp; Other Curious Questions about Animals, Nature, Geology and Planet Earth. Retrieved from: https://www.MinuteEarth.com/books

Get your butt-, er, book here: <a href="https://www.minuteearth.com/books/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.minuteearth.com/books/</a> Hyenas communicate via an information-dense physical medium (hyena butter) - and now MinuteEarth does too (book). SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer and Narrator David Goldenberg | Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS *** Hyena audio clips by Dr. Kenna Lehmann OUR LINKS ** Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ** Hofer, H., M. L. East, I. Sammang, and &amp; M. Dehnhard. 2001. Analysis of volatile compounds in scent-marks of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and their possible function in olfactory communication. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 9:141–148. Retrieved from: <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0671-3_18" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0671-3_18</a> Theis, K.R., Venkataraman, A., Dycus, J. A., Koonter, K.D.S., Schmitt-Matzen, E.N., Wagner. A.P., Holekamp, K.E., &amp; Schmidt, T.M (2013) Symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 19832–19837. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1306477110" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1306477110</a> Theis, K. R., Schmidt, T. M. &amp; Holekamp, K. E. (2012) Evidence for a bacterial mechanism for group-specific social odors among hyenas. Scientific Reports 2, 615. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431069/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431069/</a> MinuteEarth (2021). MinuteEarth Explains: How Did Whales Get So Big? &amp; Other Curious Questions about Animals, Nature, Geology and Planet Earth. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.MinuteEarth.com/books" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.MinuteEarth.com/books</a>

Hyena Butter: Weird & Informative (Just Like Us!)

Science and stories about our awesome planet-- in just a few minutes!

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth. The current hurricane category scale doesn’t accurately convey the danger of a storm, because it doesn’t account for a hurricane's most destructive factors. ⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️ DFTBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth Amazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains Bookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains Barnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains Indigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Storm surge: a sea level rise caused by strong winds pushing the water and a change in atmospheric pressure of a storm. Hurricane: a tropical cyclone occurring in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale: the current scale used to categorize hurricanes from 1 to 5 based on the hurricane’s maximum sustained wind speed. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Belles, Jonathan. “Surface Pressure a Better Indicator of Hurricane Damage Potential, New Study Says | the Weather Channel - Articles from the Weather Channel | Weather.com.” The Weather Channel, 2020, https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2020-01-29-hurricane-surface-pressure-damage-potential-wind. Erdman, Jonathan. “88% of U.S. Deaths from Hurricanes, Tropical Storms Are from Water, Not Wind | the Weather Channel - Articles from the Weather Channel | Weather.com.” The Weather Channel, 2021, https://weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/hurricanes-tropical-storms-us-deaths-surge-flooding. Gibbens, Sarah. “Hurricane Categories Don’t Tell the Whole Story.” Environment, National Geographic, 14 Sept. 2021, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/hurricane-categories-do-not-tell-the-whole-story-see-what-matters. Klotzbach, Philip J., et al. "Surface pressure a more skillful predictor of normalized hurricane damage than maximum sustained wind." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101.6 (2020): E830-E846. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/6/bamsD190062.xml Olson, Richard S. “Add a New Hurricane Category. Cat 6 | Opinion.” Sun-Sentinel.com, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 3 Dec. 2019, https://www.sun-sentinel.com/opinion/commentary/fl-op-com-olson-cat-six-hurricane-category-20191203-4fwaq7hjmbdkli3sg5trmfysku-story.html. Pilkington, Stephanie F., and Hussam N. Mahmoud. "Using artificial neural networks to forecast economic impact of multi-hazard hurricane-based events." Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 1.1-2 (2016): 63-83. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23789689.2016.1179529 Plumer, Brad. “Hurricane Patricia: Why a Record Storm Did Surprisingly Little Damage.” Vox, Vox, 26 Oct. 2015, https://www.vox.com/2015/10/26/9615274/hurricane-patricia-aftermath. ‌“Storm Surge Overview.” Noaa.gov, 2021, https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/.

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at <a href="https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth</a>. The current hurricane category scale doesn’t accurately convey the danger of a storm, because it doesn’t account for a hurricane's most destructive factors. ⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️ DFTBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): <a href="https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth</a> Amazon - <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains</a> <a href="http://Bookshop.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bookshop.org</a> - <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains</a> Barnes and Noble - <a href="http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains</a> Indigo (Canada)- <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains</a> LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Storm surge: a sea level rise caused by strong winds pushing the water and a change in atmospheric pressure of a storm. Hurricane: a tropical cyclone occurring in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale: the current scale used to categorize hurricanes from 1 to 5 based on the hurricane’s maximum sustained wind speed. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Belles, Jonathan. “Surface Pressure a Better Indicator of Hurricane Damage Potential, New Study Says | the Weather Channel - Articles from the Weather Channel | <a href="http://Weather.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Weather.com</a>.” The Weather Channel, 2020, <a href="https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2020-01-29-hurricane-surface-pressure-damage-potential-wind" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2020-01-29-hurricane-surface-pressure-damage-potential-wind</a>. Erdman, Jonathan. “88% of U.S. Deaths from Hurricanes, Tropical Storms Are from Water, Not Wind | the Weather Channel - Articles from the Weather Channel | <a href="http://Weather.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Weather.com</a>.” The Weather Channel, 2021, <a href="https://weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/hurricanes-tropical-storms-us-deaths-surge-flooding" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/hurricanes-tropical-storms-us-deaths-surge-flooding</a>. Gibbens, Sarah. “Hurricane Categories Don’t Tell the Whole Story.” Environment, National Geographic, 14 Sept. 2021, <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/hurricane-categories-do-not-tell-the-whole-story-see-what-matters" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/hurricane-categories-do-not-tell-the-whole-story-see-what-matters</a>. Klotzbach, Philip J., et al. "Surface pressure a more skillful predictor of normalized hurricane damage than maximum sustained wind." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101.6 (2020): E830-E846. <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/6/bamsD190062.xml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/6/bamsD190062.xml</a> Olson, Richard S. “Add a New Hurricane Category. Cat 6 | Opinion.” <a href="http://Sun-Sentinel.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sun-Sentinel.com</a>, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 3 Dec. 2019, <a href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/opinion/commentary/fl-op-com-olson-cat-six-hurricane-category-20191203-4fwaq7hjmbdkli3sg5trmfysku-story.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.sun-sentinel.com/opinion/commentary/fl-op-com-olson-cat-six-hurricane-category-20191203-4fwaq7hjmbdkli3sg5trmfysku-story.html</a>. Pilkington, Stephanie F., and Hussam N. Mahmoud. "Using artificial neural networks to forecast economic impact of multi-hazard hurricane-based events." Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 1.1-2 (2016): 63-83. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23789689.2016.1179529" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23789689.2016.1179529</a> Plumer, Brad. “Hurricane Patricia: Why a Record Storm Did Surprisingly Little Damage.” Vox, Vox, 26 Oct. 2015, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/10/26/9615274/hurricane-patricia-aftermath" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.vox.com/2015/10/26/9615274/hurricane-patricia-aftermath</a>. ‌“Storm Surge Overview.” <a href="http://Noaa.gov" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Noaa.gov</a>, 2021, <a href="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/</a>.

The Hurricane Category Scale Is Broken

Check out the heroes who saved the ozone layer at https://futureoflife.org/future-of-life-award/ Lots of global problems seem intractable, but there’s a formula for success that we can follow. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Ozone layer: A thin layer of ozone concentrated in the Earth’s stratosphere roughly 10 kilometers above that absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation before it hits the Earth’s surface. Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays of energy that come from the sun that can be harmful to humans and other lifeforms. Chlorofluorocarbons: Also known as CFCs, these long man-made molecules used to be widely used refrigerants and solvents before it was discovered that - when exposed to ultraviolet radiation - their chlorine atoms would break off and combine with ozone molecules. Smallpox: A virus that killed more than half a billion humans before being eradicated in 1980. Disease Surveillance: A practice by which disease progressions are closely monitored in order to minimize the harm caused by outbreaks. ⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️ DTFBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth Amazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains Bookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains Barnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains Indigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Ochmann, Sophie, and Max Roser. “Smallpox.” Our World in Data, 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox. Data on Smallpox. Henderson, D A. SMALLPOX - the DEATH of a DISEASE : The inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer. S.L., Prometheus, 2021, pp. 57–61. CDC. “History of Smallpox.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Feb. 2021, https://cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html. Waxman, Olivia B. 2019. “Reagan Administration Officials at First Dismissed the Ozone Hole. Here’s What Changed.” Time. April 9, 2019. https://time.com/5564651/reagan-ozone-hole/ Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. 2007. “The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Climate.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (12): 4814–19. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610328104. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. n.d. “Susan Solomon: Pioneering Atmospheric Scientist.” Celebrating200years.noaa.gov. Accessed July 20, 2021. https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/solomon/welcome.html.  Solomon, Susan. 2019. “The Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole.” Nature 575 (7781): 46–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02837-5 Pyle, John, and Neil Harris. 2013. “Joe Farman (1930–2013).” Nature 498 (7455): 435–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/498435a. Foege, William H, and Milbank Memorial Fund. House on Fire : The Fight to Eradicate Smallpox. Berkeley, University Of California Press, 2012 Future of Life Institute. “Future of Life Award 2020: Saving 200,000,000 Lives by Eradicating Smallpox.” Future of Life Institute, Lucas Perry, 11 Dec. 2020, https://futureoflife.org/the-future-of-life-podcast/.

Check out the heroes who saved the ozone layer at <a href="https://futureoflife.org/future-of-life-award/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://futureoflife.org/future-of-life-award/</a> Lots of global problems seem intractable, but there’s a formula for success that we can follow. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Ozone layer: A thin layer of ozone concentrated in the Earth’s stratosphere roughly 10 kilometers above that absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation before it hits the Earth’s surface. Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays of energy that come from the sun that can be harmful to humans and other lifeforms. Chlorofluorocarbons: Also known as CFCs, these long man-made molecules used to be widely used refrigerants and solvents before it was discovered that - when exposed to ultraviolet radiation - their chlorine atoms would break off and combine with ozone molecules. Smallpox: A virus that killed more than half a billion humans before being eradicated in 1980. Disease Surveillance: A practice by which disease progressions are closely monitored in order to minimize the harm caused by outbreaks. ⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️ DTFBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): <a href="https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth</a> Amazon - <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains</a> <a href="http://Bookshop.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bookshop.org</a> - <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains</a> Barnes and Noble - <a href="http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains</a> Indigo (Canada)- <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains</a> SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Ochmann, Sophie, and Max Roser. “Smallpox.” Our World in Data, 2018, <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox</a>. Data on Smallpox. Henderson, D A. SMALLPOX - the DEATH of a DISEASE : The inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer. S.L., Prometheus, 2021, pp. 57–61. CDC. “History of Smallpox.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Feb. 2021, <a href="https://cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html</a>. Waxman, Olivia B. 2019. “Reagan Administration Officials at First Dismissed the Ozone Hole. Here’s What Changed.” Time. April 9, 2019. <a href="https://time.com/5564651/reagan-ozone-hole/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://time.com/5564651/reagan-ozone-hole/</a> Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. 2007. “The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Climate.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (12): 4814–19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610328104" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610328104</a>. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. n.d. “Susan Solomon: Pioneering Atmospheric Scientist.” <a href="http://Celebrating200years.noaa.gov" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Celebrating200years.noaa.gov</a>. Accessed July 20, 2021. <a href="https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/solomon/welcome.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/solomon/welcome.html</a>. Solomon, Susan. 2019. “The Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole.” Nature 575 (7781): 46–47. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02837-5" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02837-5</a> Pyle, John, and Neil Harris. 2013. “Joe Farman (1930–2013).” Nature 498 (7455): 435–35. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/498435a" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/498435a</a>. Foege, William H, and Milbank Memorial Fund. House on Fire : The Fight to Eradicate Smallpox. Berkeley, University Of California Press, 2012 Future of Life Institute. “Future of Life Award 2020: Saving 200,000,000 Lives by Eradicating Smallpox.” Future of Life Institute, Lucas Perry, 11 Dec. 2020, <a href="https://futureoflife.org/the-future-of-life-podcast/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://futureoflife.org/the-future-of-life-podcast/</a>.

How To Solve Every Global Crisis

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth. People all around the world tend to represent time via space, but there’s no consensus on which way time goes. PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th): DTFBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth Amazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains Bookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains Barnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains Indigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman (@sarahjberman) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Bergen, B. K. &amp; Lau, T. T. C. (2012) Writing direction affects how people map space onto time. Frontiers in Psychology 3:109. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00109/full Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric Structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 1-28. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027799000736 Casasanto, D. &amp; Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition 106 (2):579-593 http://lera.ucsd.edu/papers/duration-cognition-2008.pdf Majid, A., Gaby, A., &amp; Boroditsky, L. (2013). Time in terms of space. Frontiers in Psychology, 4: 554. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00554/full Núñez, R., Cooperrider, K., Doan, D., &amp; Wassmann, J. (2012). Contours of time: Topographic construals of past, present, and future in the Yupno valley of Papua New Guinea. Cognition, 124(1), 25– 35. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027712000571

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at <a href="https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth</a>. People all around the world tend to represent time via space, but there’s no consensus on which way time goes. PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th): DTFBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): <a href="https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth</a> Amazon - <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains</a> <a href="http://Bookshop.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bookshop.org</a> - <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains</a> Barnes and Noble - <a href="http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains</a> Indigo (Canada)- <a href="http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains</a> SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman (@sarahjberman) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Bergen, B. K. &amp; Lau, T. T. C. (2012) Writing direction affects how people map space onto time. Frontiers in Psychology 3:109. <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00109/full" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00109/full</a> Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric Structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 1-28. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027799000736" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027799000736</a> Casasanto, D. &amp; Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition 106 (2):579-593 <a href="http://lera.ucsd.edu/papers/duration-cognition-2008.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://lera.ucsd.edu/papers/duration-cognition-2008.pdf</a> Majid, A., Gaby, A., &amp; Boroditsky, L. (2013). Time in terms of space. Frontiers in Psychology, 4: 554. <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00554/full" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00554/full</a> Núñez, R., Cooperrider, K., Doan, D., &amp; Wassmann, J. (2012). Contours of time: Topographic construals of past, present, and future in the Yupno valley of Papua New Guinea. Cognition, 124(1), 25– 35. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027712000571" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027712000571</a>

Is Tomorrow A Place?

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth. Because smaller animals have to eat more relative to their bodyweight, Tolkein’s hobbits need to eat a lot - not for comfort, but for survival. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Metabolism: The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Square-cube Law: A mathematical principle which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. Kleiber’s Law: The observation that, for the vast majority of animals, an animal's metabolic rate scales to the 3⁄4 power of the animal's mass. Calorie: Unit of energy. One food calorie equals 1 kilocalorie. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Cameron Duke | Script Writer David Goldenberg | Script Editor, Narrator and Director Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Kleiber, M. (1947). BODY SIZE AND METABOLIC RATE. Physiological Reviews, 27(4), 511–541. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1947.27.4.511. Dawson, N. (1967). The Surface-Area/Body-Weight Relationship in Mice. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(3), 687. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1071/bi9670687. How Much Does an Elephant Weigh? (2019, September 26). Wonderopolis.org. Retrieved from: https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-much-does-an-elephant-weigh Thommen, Albert, et al. “Body Size-Dependent Energy Storage Causes Kleiber’s Law Scaling of the Metabolic Rate in Planarians.” (2019) ELife, eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd, 4 Jan. 2019. Retrieved from: http://www.elifesciences.org/articles/38187. West, G. B., Brown, J. H., &amp; Enquist, B. J. (1997). A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology. Science, 276(5309), 122–126. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5309.122.

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at <a href="https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth</a>. Because smaller animals have to eat more relative to their bodyweight, Tolkein’s hobbits need to eat a lot - not for comfort, but for survival. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Metabolism: The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Square-cube Law: A mathematical principle which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. Kleiber’s Law: The observation that, for the vast majority of animals, an animal's metabolic rate scales to the 3⁄4 power of the animal's mass. Calorie: Unit of energy. One food calorie equals 1 kilocalorie. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Cameron Duke | Script Writer David Goldenberg | Script Editor, Narrator and Director Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Kleiber, M. (1947). BODY SIZE AND METABOLIC RATE. Physiological Reviews, 27(4), 511–541. Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1947.27.4.511" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1947.27.4.511</a>. Dawson, N. (1967). The Surface-Area/Body-Weight Relationship in Mice. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(3), 687. Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1071/bi9670687" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1071/bi9670687</a>. How Much Does an Elephant Weigh? (2019, September 26). <a href="http://Wonderopolis.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Wonderopolis.org</a>. Retrieved from: <a href="https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-much-does-an-elephant-weigh" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-much-does-an-elephant-weigh</a> Thommen, Albert, et al. “Body Size-Dependent Energy Storage Causes Kleiber’s Law Scaling of the Metabolic Rate in Planarians.” (2019) ELife, eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd, 4 Jan. 2019. Retrieved from: <a href="http://www.elifesciences.org/articles/38187" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.elifesciences.org/articles/38187</a>. West, G. B., Brown, J. H., &amp; Enquist, B. J. (1997). A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology. Science, 276(5309), 122–126. Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5309.122" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5309.122</a>.

Why Do Hobbits Need SEVEN Meals?

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at http://www.curiositystream.com/minuteearth. Sharks wouldn’t be known for their fierce teeth today if it weren’t for their ancient scales. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Dermal denticles: also called placoid scales, they’re the most primitive form of fish scales that are structurally similar to teeth and are today found only in sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Outside-in theory: The strongest theory for the evolution of teeth, which are thought to have evolved from dermal denticle scales. Ostracoderms: Extinct armored jawless fish that lived in the Paleozoic Era Thelodonts: Extinct jawless fish that had individual scales as opposed to plates of armor Placoderms: Now extinct, they were some of the first jawed fish and lived from the Silurian through the Devonian era. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@thejuliangomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Kate Yoshida | Co-Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Donoghue, Philip CJ, and Martin Rücklin. "The ins and outs of the evolutionary origin of teeth." Evolution &amp; development 18.1 (2016): 19-30. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ede.12099 Fraser, Gareth J., et al. "The odontode explosion: the origin of tooth‐like structures in vertebrates." Bioessays 32.9 (2010): 808-817. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/20188/3/nihms266189.pdf Huysseune, Ann, Jean‐Yves Sire, and P. Eckhard Witten. "Evolutionary and developmental origins of the vertebrate dentition." Journal of Anatomy 214.4 (2009): 465-476. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736119/ Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Eating Was Tough For Early Tetrapods." (2013): 390-391. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6118/390.full

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at <a href="http://www.curiositystream.com/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.curiositystream.com/minuteearth</a>. Sharks wouldn’t be known for their fierce teeth today if it weren’t for their ancient scales. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Dermal denticles: also called placoid scales, they’re the most primitive form of fish scales that are structurally similar to teeth and are today found only in sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Outside-in theory: The strongest theory for the evolution of teeth, which are thought to have evolved from dermal denticle scales. Ostracoderms: Extinct armored jawless fish that lived in the Paleozoic Era Thelodonts: Extinct jawless fish that had individual scales as opposed to plates of armor Placoderms: Now extinct, they were some of the first jawed fish and lived from the Silurian through the Devonian era. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Julián Gustavo Gómez (@thejuliangomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Kate Yoshida | Co-Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Donoghue, Philip CJ, and Martin Rücklin. "The ins and outs of the evolutionary origin of teeth." Evolution &amp; development 18.1 (2016): 19-30. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ede.12099" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ede.12099</a> Fraser, Gareth J., et al. "The odontode explosion: the origin of tooth‐like structures in vertebrates." Bioessays 32.9 (2010): 808-817. <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/20188/3/nihms266189.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://authors.library.caltech.edu/20188/3/nihms266189.pdf</a> Huysseune, Ann, Jean‐Yves Sire, and P. Eckhard Witten. "Evolutionary and developmental origins of the vertebrate dentition." Journal of Anatomy 214.4 (2009): 465-476. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736119/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736119/</a> Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Eating Was Tough For Early Tetrapods." (2013): 390-391. <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6118/390.full" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6118/390.full</a>

Why Sharks Are Covered In Teeth

For your chance to win two seats on one of the first commercial flights to space with Virgin Galactic – all while supporting a great cause – enter at https://omaze.com/minuteearth. While the rest of the world’s megafauna are still foundering in the anthropocene era, these two big animals have used little animal strategies to bounce back. Way back. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Megafauna: Large animals, usually over 45 Kgs. - Anthropocene era: A proposed time period delineated the age during which human activity has been the dominant force on the environment and the climate. - Holocene Extinction: An ongoing extinction event of species due to human activity. - Fertility Rate: The number of babies an organism has in its lifetime. - Omnivory: The ability to eat food from two different trophic levels. - Bubble-Net Feeding: A cooperative hunting technique where groups of whales use bubbles to disorient fish prey. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Vivitskaia, J D, Tulloch, Éva E Plagányi, Richard Matear, Christopher J Brown, Anthony J Richardson. (2017) Ecosystem modelling to quantify the impact of historical whaling on Southern Hemisphere baleen whales. Fish and Fisheries, 19:1 (117-137). Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12241  Kosma Madison M., Werth Alexander J., Szabo Andrew R. and Straley Janice M. (2019). Pectoral herding: an innovative tactic for humpback whale foraging. Royal Society Open Science. 6:10. Retrieved from: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.191104 Ritchie, Hannah, Roser, Max. "Biodiversity". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity Pershing, A. J., Christensen, L. B., Record, N. R., Sherwood, G. D., &amp; Stetson, P. B. (2010). The impact of whaling on the ocean carbon cycle: why bigger was better. PloS One, 5(8), e12444. Retrieved from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0012444 Ripple, William J., Newsome, Thomas M., Wolf, Christopher, Dirzo, Rodolfo, Everatt, Kristoffer, T.Galetti, Mauro, Hayward, Matt W.Kerley, Graham I. H.Levi, Taal, Lindsey, Peter A, Macdonald, David W. Malhi, Yadvinder, Painter, Luke E.Sandom, Christopher J., Terborgh, JohnVan, Valkenburgh, Blaire. (2015) Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores. Science Advances. 1:3 Retrieved from: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/4/e1400103/tab-pdf Meynecke, Olaf. 2021. Personal communication. Center for Coastal and Marine Management, Griffith University. https://www.dr-olaf.com/ Pallin Logan J., Baker C. Scott, Steel Debbie, Kellar Nicholas M., Robbins Jooke, Johnston David W., Nowacek Doug P., Read Andrew J. and Friedlaender Ari S. (2018) High pregnancy rates in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) around the Western Antarctic Peninsula, evidence of a rapidly growing population. Royal Society Open Science. 5:5. Retrieved from: http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180017 Holland, Jennifer. (2015) Black Bears Are Rebounding - What Does That Mean For People? National Geographic. Retrieved from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/150626-black-bears-animals-science-nation-conservation?loggedin=true Ramona L. Gonzales, Alejandra V. Mendoza, Brendan M. Himelright, Jenna M. Moore, Thomas J. Spady (2013) American black bear mating behavior and chemosensation of estrus. Ursus, 24(2), 139-147. Retrieved from: https://bioone.org/journals/ursus/volume-24/issue-2/URSUS-D-12-00026.1/American-black-bear-mating-behavior-and-chemosensation-of-estrus/10.2192/URSUS-D-12-00026.1.short Himelright, B. M., Moore, J. M., Gonzales, R. L., Mendoza, A. V., Dye, P. S., Schuett, R. J., Durrant, B. S., Read, B. A., &amp; Spady, T. J. (2014). Sequential ovulation and fertility of polyoestrous in American black bears (Ursus americanus). Conservation physiology, 2(1), Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cou051

For your chance to win two seats on one of the first commercial flights to space with Virgin Galactic – all while supporting a great cause – enter at <a href="https://omaze.com/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://omaze.com/minuteearth</a>. While the rest of the world’s megafauna are still foundering in the anthropocene era, these two big animals have used little animal strategies to bounce back. Way back. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Megafauna: Large animals, usually over 45 Kgs. - Anthropocene era: A proposed time period delineated the age during which human activity has been the dominant force on the environment and the climate. - Holocene Extinction: An ongoing extinction event of species due to human activity. - Fertility Rate: The number of babies an organism has in its lifetime. - Omnivory: The ability to eat food from two different trophic levels. - Bubble-Net Feeding: A cooperative hunting technique where groups of whales use bubbles to disorient fish prey. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Vivitskaia, J D, Tulloch, Éva E Plagányi, Richard Matear, Christopher J Brown, Anthony J Richardson. (2017) Ecosystem modelling to quantify the impact of historical whaling on Southern Hemisphere baleen whales. Fish and Fisheries, 19:1 (117-137). Retrieved from: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12241" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12241</a> Kosma Madison M., Werth Alexander J., Szabo Andrew R. and Straley Janice M. (2019). Pectoral herding: an innovative tactic for humpback whale foraging. Royal Society Open Science. 6:10. Retrieved from: <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.191104" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.191104</a> Ritchie, Hannah, Roser, Max. "Biodiversity". Published online at <a href="http://OurWorldInData.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">OurWorldInData.org</a>. Retrieved from: '<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity</a> Pershing, A. J., Christensen, L. B., Record, N. R., Sherwood, G. D., &amp; Stetson, P. B. (2010). The impact of whaling on the ocean carbon cycle: why bigger was better. PloS One, 5(8), e12444. Retrieved from: <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0012444" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0012444</a> Ripple, William J., Newsome, Thomas M., Wolf, Christopher, Dirzo, Rodolfo, Everatt, Kristoffer, T.Galetti, Mauro, Hayward, Matt W.Kerley, Graham I. H.Levi, Taal, Lindsey, Peter A, Macdonald, David W. Malhi, Yadvinder, Painter, Luke E.Sandom, Christopher J., Terborgh, JohnVan, Valkenburgh, Blaire. (2015) Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores. Science Advances. 1:3 Retrieved from: <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/4/e1400103/tab-pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/4/e1400103/tab-pdf</a> Meynecke, Olaf. 2021. Personal communication. Center for Coastal and Marine Management, Griffith University. <a href="https://www.dr-olaf.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.dr-olaf.com/</a> Pallin Logan J., Baker C. Scott, Steel Debbie, Kellar Nicholas M., Robbins Jooke, Johnston David W., Nowacek Doug P., Read Andrew J. and Friedlaender Ari S. (2018) High pregnancy rates in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) around the Western Antarctic Peninsula, evidence of a rapidly growing population. Royal Society Open Science. 5:5. Retrieved from: <a href="http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180017" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180017</a> Holland, Jennifer. (2015) Black Bears Are Rebounding - What Does That Mean For People? National Geographic. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/150626-black-bears-animals-science-nation-conservation?loggedin=true" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/150626-black-bears-animals-science-nation-conservation?loggedin=true</a> Ramona L. Gonzales, Alejandra V. Mendoza, Brendan M. Himelright, Jenna M. Moore, Thomas J. Spady (2013) American black bear mating behavior and chemosensation of estrus. Ursus, 24(2), 139-147. Retrieved from: <a href="https://bioone.org/journals/ursus/volume-24/issue-2/URSUS-D-12-00026.1/American-black-bear-mating-behavior-and-chemosensation-of-estrus/10.2192/URSUS-D-12-00026.1.short" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://bioone.org/journals/ursus/volume-24/issue-2/URSUS-D-12-00026.1/American-black-bear-mating-behavior-and-chemosensation-of-estrus/10.2192/URSUS-D-12-00026.1.short</a> Himelright, B. M., Moore, J. M., Gonzales, R. L., Mendoza, A. V., Dye, P. S., Schuett, R. J., Durrant, B. S., Read, B. A., &amp; Spady, T. J. (2014). Sequential ovulation and fertility of polyoestrous in American black bears (Ursus americanus). Conservation physiology, 2(1), Retrieved from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cou051" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cou051</a>

How A Whale And A Bear Beat The System

Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel 🎉. Get up to 65% OFF ➡️ Here: https://go.babbel.com/12m65-youtube-minuteearth-july-2021/default  It’s not just how much you take in; it’s how fast your body can purge it. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Poison: A substance that is capable of causing illness or death when introduced or absorbed. Overdose: A dangerously large dose of a substance. Biotransformation: The process by which foreign chemicals are transformed by the body into less toxic substances. Polydipsia: The medical term for feelings of extreme thirst that can lead to hyponatremia. Hyponatremia: Abnormally low sodium in the blood often caused by excessive water consumption. Lethal Concentration - The concentration a substance needs to be in the bloodstream to kill 50% of subjects. Metabolism - the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Toxicity - the quality of being toxic or poisonous. Excretion - the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Cameron Duke (@dukeofcam) | Script Writer David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) | Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** ATSDR. (2006). Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp8-c3.pdf Cyanide Fact. (2013). Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/cyanide-fact-sheet Lead (Pb) Toxicity: What is the Biological Fate of Lead in the Body? | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR. (2021, February 9). Cdc.gov. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/leadtoxicity/biologic_fate.html Lethal Doses of Water, Caffeine and Alcohol. (2014, July 27). Compound Interest. https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/07/27/lethaldoses/ Radcliffe, S. (2017, May 25). How You Can Die From a Caffeine Overdose. Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-you-can-die-from-caffeine#Caffeine-overdose-is-rare Shalat, S. (2016, February 4). Toxic lead can stay in the body for years after exposure. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/toxic-lead-can-stay-in-the-body-for-years-after-exposure-53607 Shenvi, C. (2016, February 16). Hydroxocobalamin: Turning Cyanide into Vitamin B12 | Emergency Physicians Monthly. Emergency Physicians Monthly | EPM. https://epmonthly.com/article/hydroxocobalamin-turning-cyanide-into-vitamin-b12/

Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel 🎉. Get up to 65% OFF ➡️ Here: <a href="https://go.babbel.com/12m65-youtube-minuteearth-july-2021/default" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://go.babbel.com/12m65-youtube-minuteearth-july-2021/default</a> It’s not just how much you take in; it’s how fast your body can purge it. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Poison: A substance that is capable of causing illness or death when introduced or absorbed. Overdose: A dangerously large dose of a substance. Biotransformation: The process by which foreign chemicals are transformed by the body into less toxic substances. Polydipsia: The medical term for feelings of extreme thirst that can lead to hyponatremia. Hyponatremia: Abnormally low sodium in the blood often caused by excessive water consumption. Lethal Concentration - The concentration a substance needs to be in the bloodstream to kill 50% of subjects. Metabolism - the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Toxicity - the quality of being toxic or poisonous. Excretion - the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Cameron Duke (@dukeofcam) | Script Writer David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) | Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** ATSDR. (2006). Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. <a href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp8-c3.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp8-c3.pdf</a> Cyanide Fact. (2013). Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. <a href="https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/cyanide-fact-sheet" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/cyanide-fact-sheet</a> Lead (Pb) Toxicity: What is the Biological Fate of Lead in the Body? | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR. (2021, February 9). <a href="http://Cdc.gov" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cdc.gov</a>. <a href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/leadtoxicity/biologic_fate.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/leadtoxicity/biologic_fate.html</a> Lethal Doses of Water, Caffeine and Alcohol. (2014, July 27). Compound Interest. <a href="https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/07/27/lethaldoses/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/07/27/lethaldoses/</a> Radcliffe, S. (2017, May 25). How You Can Die From a Caffeine Overdose. Healthline; Healthline Media. <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-you-can-die-from-caffeine#Caffeine-overdose-is-rare" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-you-can-die-from-caffeine#Caffeine-overdose-is-rare</a> Shalat, S. (2016, February 4). Toxic lead can stay in the body for years after exposure. The Conversation. <a href="https://theconversation.com/toxic-lead-can-stay-in-the-body-for-years-after-exposure-53607" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://theconversation.com/toxic-lead-can-stay-in-the-body-for-years-after-exposure-53607</a> Shenvi, C. (2016, February 16). Hydroxocobalamin: Turning Cyanide into Vitamin B12 | Emergency Physicians Monthly. Emergency Physicians Monthly | EPM. <a href="https://epmonthly.com/article/hydroxocobalamin-turning-cyanide-into-vitamin-b12/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://epmonthly.com/article/hydroxocobalamin-turning-cyanide-into-vitamin-b12/</a>

Poison Is More Complicated Than You Think

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll protect 5 extra acres of rainforest for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/join/minuteearth. Optimal foraging theory means that turning down food is sometimes more efficient than eating it - but even then, what’s “wasted” doesn’t necessarily go to waste. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Foraging: to search widely for food. Optimal Foraging Theory: A behavioral model that describes how an animal should behave when searching for food. Surplus Killing: a common behavior exhibited by predators, in which they kill more prey than they can immediately eat and then cache or abandon the remainder. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Cameron Duke | Script Writer Kate Yoshida | Script Editor Julián Gustavo Gómez | Narrator and Director Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Alcock, J. (2013). Animal behavior : an evolutionary approach. Sinauer, Cop. Hopkins, J. B. (2013). Use of genetics to investigate socially learned foraging behavior in free-ranging black bears. Journal of Mammalogy, 94(6), 1214–1222. https://doi.org/10.1644/13-mamm-a-009.1 Klinka, D. R., &amp; Reimchen, T. E. (2009). Darkness, Twilight, and Daylight Foraging Success of Bears (Ursus americanus) on Salmon in Coastal British Columbia. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(1), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1644/07-mamm-a-200.1 Lincoln, A. E., &amp; Quinn, T. P. (2018). Optimal foraging or surplus killing: selective consumption and discarding of salmon by brown bears. Behavioral Ecology, 30(1), 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary139 Lounibos, L. P., Makhni, S., Alto, B. W., &amp; Kesavaraju, B. (2008). Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of Corethrella appendiculata: Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey. Journal of Insect Behavior, 21(2), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-007-9103-2 Maupin, J. L. (2001). Superfluous killing in spiders: a consequence of adaptation to food-limited environments? Behavioral Ecology, 12(5), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/12.5.569 McMahon, B. F., &amp; Evans, R. M. (1992). Foraging Strategies of American White Pelicans. Behaviour, 120(1-2), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00219

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll protect 5 extra acres of rainforest for each of the first 100 people who sign up at <a href="https://www.wren.co/join/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.wren.co/join/minuteearth</a>. Optimal foraging theory means that turning down food is sometimes more efficient than eating it - but even then, what’s “wasted” doesn’t necessarily go to waste. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Foraging: to search widely for food. Optimal Foraging Theory: A behavioral model that describes how an animal should behave when searching for food. Surplus Killing: a common behavior exhibited by predators, in which they kill more prey than they can immediately eat and then cache or abandon the remainder. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Cameron Duke | Script Writer Kate Yoshida | Script Editor Julián Gustavo Gómez | Narrator and Director Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Alcock, J. (2013). Animal behavior : an evolutionary approach. Sinauer, Cop. Hopkins, J. B. (2013). Use of genetics to investigate socially learned foraging behavior in free-ranging black bears. Journal of Mammalogy, 94(6), 1214–1222. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1644/13-mamm-a-009.1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1644/13-mamm-a-009.1</a> Klinka, D. R., &amp; Reimchen, T. E. (2009). Darkness, Twilight, and Daylight Foraging Success of Bears (Ursus americanus) on Salmon in Coastal British Columbia. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(1), 144–149. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1644/07-mamm-a-200.1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1644/07-mamm-a-200.1</a> Lincoln, A. E., &amp; Quinn, T. P. (2018). Optimal foraging or surplus killing: selective consumption and discarding of salmon by brown bears. Behavioral Ecology, 30(1), 202–212. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary139" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary139</a> Lounibos, L. P., Makhni, S., Alto, B. W., &amp; Kesavaraju, B. (2008). Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of Corethrella appendiculata: Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey. Journal of Insect Behavior, 21(2), 47–54. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-007-9103-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-007-9103-2</a> Maupin, J. L. (2001). Superfluous killing in spiders: a consequence of adaptation to food-limited environments? Behavioral Ecology, 12(5), 569–576. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/12.5.569" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/12.5.569</a> McMahon, B. F., &amp; Evans, R. M. (1992). Foraging Strategies of American White Pelicans. Behaviour, 120(1-2), 69–89. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00219" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00219</a>

Why These Bears “Waste” Food

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth. Fevers are one of our best weapons against infections, but they don't work like you might think. We'd like to give a big thank you to Sharon Evans from the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center for sharing her expertise for this video! LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Fever: a rise in body temperature, usually caused by infection Heat shock proteins (HSP): a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions Neutrophils: white blood cells that play an important role in inflammation and are early responders to pathogens. T cells: major components of the adaptive immune system whose roles include regulating the immune response to pathogens. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Appenheimer, M.M. &amp; Evans, S.S. (2018) Temperature and adaptive immunity. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 156: 397–415. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978-0-444-63912-7.00024-2 Casadevall, A. (2016) Thermal Restriction as an Antimicrobial Function of Fever. PLoS Pathog 12(5): e1005577. https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005577 ChangDong L. et al. (2019). Fever Promotes T Lymphocyte Trafficking via a Thermal Sensory Pathway Involving Heat Shock Protein 90 and α4 Integrins. Immunity 50(1):137-151. https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(18)30495-3 Evans, S.S. et al. (2015) Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nature Reviews Immunology 15(6): 335+. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786079/ Hasday, J.D., Thompson, C., Singh, I.S. (2014) Fever, immunity, and molecular adaptations. Comprehensive Physiology 4:109–48. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.c130019 Hasday, J.D. &amp; Singh, I.S. (2000) Fever and the heat shock response: distinct, partially overlapping processes. Cell Stress Chaperones 5:471–480. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC312879/ Javid, B., MacAry, P.A. &amp; Lehner, P.J. (2007) Structure and function: heat shock proteins and adaptive immunity. Journal of Immunology 179:2035–2040. https://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/4/2035 Mackowiak, P. A.: Direct effects of hyperthermia on pathogenic microorganisms: teleological implications with regard to fever. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1981, 3: 508–518. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-abstract/3/3/508/307776

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at <a href="https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth</a>. Fevers are one of our best weapons against infections, but they don't work like you might think. We'd like to give a big thank you to Sharon Evans from the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center for sharing her expertise for this video! LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Fever: a rise in body temperature, usually caused by infection Heat shock proteins (HSP): a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions Neutrophils: white blood cells that play an important role in inflammation and are early responders to pathogens. T cells: major components of the adaptive immune system whose roles include regulating the immune response to pathogens. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts| <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Appenheimer, M.M. &amp; Evans, S.S. (2018) Temperature and adaptive immunity. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 156: 397–415. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978-0-444-63912-7.00024-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978-0-444-63912-7.00024-2</a> Casadevall, A. (2016) Thermal Restriction as an Antimicrobial Function of Fever. PLoS Pathog 12(5): e1005577. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005577" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005577</a> ChangDong L. et al. (2019). Fever Promotes T Lymphocyte Trafficking via a Thermal Sensory Pathway Involving Heat Shock Protein 90 and α4 Integrins. Immunity 50(1):137-151. <a href="https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(18)30495-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(18)30495-3</a> Evans, S.S. et al. (2015) Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nature Reviews Immunology 15(6): 335+. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786079/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786079/</a> Hasday, J.D., Thompson, C., Singh, I.S. (2014) Fever, immunity, and molecular adaptations. Comprehensive Physiology 4:109–48. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.c130019" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.c130019</a> Hasday, J.D. &amp; Singh, I.S. (2000) Fever and the heat shock response: distinct, partially overlapping processes. Cell Stress Chaperones 5:471–480. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC312879/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC312879/</a> Javid, B., MacAry, P.A. &amp; Lehner, P.J. (2007) Structure and function: heat shock proteins and adaptive immunity. Journal of Immunology 179:2035–2040. <a href="https://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/4/2035" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/4/2035</a> Mackowiak, P. A.: Direct effects of hyperthermia on pathogenic microorganisms: teleological implications with regard to fever. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1981, 3: 508–518. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-abstract/3/3/508/307776" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-abstract/3/3/508/307776</a>

How Fevers REALLY Work

Start building your ideal daily routine 💪 The first 100 people who click on the link will get a FREE week trial and 25% OFF 🎁 Fabulous Premium ➡️ https://thefab.co/minuteearth By analyzing survivorship curves over the centuries, we can learn what’s changed about how - and when - humans die. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Life Expectancy At Birth: The average number of years a newborn in a particular group could expect to live. Mortality Rate: The frequency of occurrence of death within a particular group during a particular time period. Life Table: A table that shows the number of individuals within a group that survive from one year to the next until they are all dead. Survivorship Curve: A plot of the data in a particular life table that shows the years on the x-axis and the number or percent of survivors on the y-axis. Infant Mortality: The death of an infant before his or her first birthday. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts | https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ***** Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2017). “Life Expectancy” – What does this actually mean?. Our World In Data. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-how-is-it-calculated-and-how-should-it-be-interpreted. Medina, L. et al. (2020). Living Longer: Historical and Projected Life Expectancy in the United States, 1960 to 2060. Retrieved from: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1145.pdf Hacker J. D. (2010). Decennial Life Tables for the White Population of the United States, 1790-1900. Historical methods, 43(2), 45–79. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885717/ United Nations. 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects. Retrieved from: https://population.un.org/wpp2019/Download/Standard/Mortality/. Szmigiera, M. (2021). Projected global infant mortality rate 1990-2100. Statista. Retrieved from : https://www.statista.com/statistics/673449/projected-global-infant-mortality-rate/ Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (1910). United States Life Tables: Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life1890-1910.pdf US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. (1964). Life Tables. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life59-61_1_1acc.pdf Arias, E. (2014). National Vital Statistics Reports. United States Life Tables, 2010. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr63/nvsr63_07.pdf

Start building your ideal daily routine 💪 The first 100 people who click on the link will get a FREE week trial and 25% OFF 🎁 Fabulous Premium ➡️ <a href="https://thefab.co/minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://thefab.co/minuteearth</a> By analyzing survivorship curves over the centuries, we can learn what’s changed about how - and when - humans die. LEARN MORE ** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Life Expectancy At Birth: The average number of years a newborn in a particular group could expect to live. Mortality Rate: The frequency of occurrence of death within a particular group during a particular time period. Life Table: A table that shows the number of individuals within a group that survive from one year to the next until they are all dead. Survivorship Curve: A plot of the data in a particular life table that shows the years on the x-axis and the number or percent of survivors on the y-axis. Infant Mortality: The death of an infant before his or her first birthday. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH **** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: <a href="https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS * David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC <a href="https://neptunestudios.info" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://neptunestudios.info</a> OUR STAFF ** Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS * Youtube | <a href="https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth</a> TikTok | <a href="https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth</a> Twitter | <a href="https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth</a> Instagram | <a href="https://instagram.com/minute_earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://instagram.com/minute_earth</a> Facebook | <a href="https://facebook.com/Minuteearth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://facebook.com/Minuteearth</a> Website | <a href="https://minuteearth.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://minuteearth.com</a> Apple Podcasts | <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176</a> REFERENCES ***** Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2017). “Life Expectancy” – What does this actually mean?. Our World In Data. Retrieved from: <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-how-is-it-calculated-and-how-should-it-be-interpreted" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-how-is-it-calculated-and-how-should-it-be-interpreted</a>. Medina, L. et al. (2020). Living Longer: Historical and Projected Life Expectancy in the United States, 1960 to 2060. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1145.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1145.pdf</a> Hacker J. D. (2010). Decennial Life Tables for the White Population of the United States, 1790-1900. Historical methods, 43(2), 45–79. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885717/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885717/</a> United Nations. 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects. Retrieved from: <a href="https://population.un.org/wpp2019/Download/Standard/Mortality/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://population.un.org/wpp2019/Download/Standard/Mortality/</a>. Szmigiera, M. (2021). Projected global infant mortality rate 1990-2100. Statista. Retrieved from : <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/673449/projected-global-infant-mortality-rate/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.statista.com/statistics/673449/projected-global-infant-mortality-rate/</a> Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (1910). United States Life Tables: Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life1890-1910.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life1890-1910.pdf</a> US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. (1964). Life Tables. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life59-61_1_1acc.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life59-61_1_1acc.pdf</a> Arias, E. (2014). National Vital Statistics Reports. United States Life Tables, 2010. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr63/nvsr63_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr63/nvsr63_07.pdf</a>

How Long Did People Use To Live?

No audio using “Podcast” on iPad. 
Works on You Tube.

How to See Microbes From Space

I love minute earth and physics thanks for making them podcasts

Physics & earth

MinuteEarth

Go to curiositystream.com/minute to get a free month trial with CuriosityStream and get a subscription to Nebula bundled in for free!   Because the ossification process can differ so much from human to human, we have a wide range of potential bone numbers.   Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members. ______ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:  Cartilage: The flexible connective tissue that is turned to bone by osteoblasts.Osteoblasts: Cells that control calcium and mineral deposition to turn cartilage into bone.Sesamoids: Bones embedded in tendons or muscles.Fabella: A large sesamoid bone occasionally found behind the knee joint. Coccyx: The small set of semi-fused triangular bones at the end of the vertebral column. ______ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube:  Support us on Patreon:  And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/   Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC   And download our videos on itunes:  https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ______ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer, Editor and Video Director and Narrator: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia (@garirius) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman  Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder:    ______   References:   Goldberg I, Nathan H. (1987). Anatomy and pathology of the sesamoid bones. The hand compared to the foot. International Orthopaedics. 11(2):141-7. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3610408.Vineet K. Sarin  Gregory M. Erickson  Nicholas J. Giori A. Gabrielle Bergman  Dennis R. Carter (2003). Coincident development of sesamoid bones and clues to their evolution. The Anatomical Record.5: 174-180. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0185%2819991015%29257%3A5%3C174%3A%3AAID-AR6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O. Tao Sun, Lingxiang Wang, Haitao Zhao,Wenjuan Wu,and Wenhai Hu (2016). Prevalence, morphological variation and ossification of sesamoid bones of the forefoot: a retrospective radiographic study of 8,716 Chinese subjects. 2(3): 91–96. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410651/. Postacchini F, Massobrio M. (1983). Idiopathic coccygodynia: Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. 65(8): 1116-1124. Retrieved from: https://www.coccyx.org/medabs/posta.htm.Meals, Roy. (2019). Personal Communication. http://www.AboutBone.com

Go to <a href="http://curiositystream.com/minute" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">curiositystream.com/minute</a> to get a free month trial with CuriosityStream and get a subscription to Nebula bundled in for free!   Because the ossification process can differ so much from human to human, we have a wide range of potential bone numbers.   Thanks also to our Patreon patrons <a href="https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> and our YouTube members. ______ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:  Cartilage: The flexible connective tissue that is turned to bone by osteoblasts.Osteoblasts: Cells that control calcium and mineral deposition to turn cartilage into bone.Sesamoids: Bones embedded in tendons or muscles.Fabella: A large sesamoid bone occasionally found behind the knee joint. Coccyx: The small set of semi-fused triangular bones at the end of the vertebral column. ______ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: Support us on Patreon: And visit our website: <a href="https://www.minuteearth.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.minuteearth.com/</a>   Say hello on Facebook: <a href="http://goo.gl/FpAvo6" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://goo.gl/FpAvo6</a> And Twitter: <a href="http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC</a>   And download our videos on itunes:  <a href="https://goo.gl/sfwS6n" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/sfwS6n</a> ______ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer, Editor and Video Director and Narrator: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia (@garirius) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman  Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: ______   References:   Goldberg I, Nathan H. (1987). Anatomy and pathology of the sesamoid bones. The hand compared to the foot. International Orthopaedics. 11(2):141-7. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3610408.Vineet" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3610408.Vineet</a> K. Sarin  Gregory M. Erickson  Nicholas J. Giori A. Gabrielle Bergman  Dennis R. Carter (2003). Coincident development of sesamoid bones and clues to their evolution. The Anatomical Record.5: 174-180. Retrieved from: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0185%2819991015%29257%3A5%3C174%3A%3AAID-AR6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0185%2819991015%29257%3A5%3C174%3A%3AAID-AR6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O</a>. Tao Sun, Lingxiang Wang, Haitao Zhao,Wenjuan Wu,and Wenhai Hu (2016). Prevalence, morphological variation and ossification of sesamoid bones of the forefoot: a retrospective radiographic study of 8,716 Chinese subjects. 2(3): 91–96. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410651/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410651/</a>. Postacchini F, Massobrio M. (1983). Idiopathic coccygodynia: Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. 65(8): 1116-1124. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.coccyx.org/medabs/posta.htm.Meals" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.coccyx.org/medabs/posta.htm.Meals</a>, Roy. (2019). Personal Communication. <a href="http://www.AboutBone.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.AboutBone.com</a>

You Have More Bones Than You Think

How Our Honey is Made

Herein we explain how pets can help your immune system, beginning when you're in utero!

How your dog can protect you before you're born

The Biggest Organism on Earth

Are any Animals Truly Monogamous?

Find out why we have been fishing all wrong.

The One That Got Away (Size Matters)

Poop Transplants!

Why Do We Have More Boys Than Girls?

The Deadliest Ice Age Ever

The Secret Social Life of Plants

Males vs. Females: Sexual Conflict

How to Build a Better City

How Mushrooms Make It Rain

What's not to love? You'll be surprised...

Love Letter to Food

Ever wondered how to date a planet?  Watch and learn.

How To Date A Planet

Why do Bats Transmit so many Diseases like Ebola?

How To Avoid The Next Atlantis

This Is Not A Pine Tree

Epigenetics: Why Inheritance Is Weirder Than We Thought

Learn new skills from this video’s sponsor, Skillshare: http://skl.sh/minuteearth4 Humans from different cultures anthropomorphize different animals to represent the same human traits. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ______ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Sunshower: A meteorological phenomenon in which the sunshines while rain is falling. Idiom: A group of words whose meaning is not readily understandable by defining the individual words. Anthropomorphism: The attribution of human characteristics to an animal or god or object. Linguistic Anthropology: A field of study into how language shapes communication around the world. ______ If you’re an American, this New York Times dialect quiz can predict your hometown based on the particular words you use: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/upshot/dialect-quiz-map.html _______ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/ Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n _______ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich) Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder ___________ References: Blust, R. (1999). The Fox’s Wedding. Anthropos. 94: 487-499. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465016. Perkovic, A. and Rata, G. (2008). On The Romanian Equivalency Of Animal Idioms In English. Journal of Linguistic Studies. 1: 65-71. Retrieved from: http://docplayer.net/amp/64640306-Journal-of-linguistic-studies.html Tiechuan, M. (2015). Cause Analysis of Different Culture Image in English and Chinese Animal Idiom. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 3: 10-19. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f582/3a67a9d085c57417d069ef4bda0df7dd4b4c.pdf Shi, T. (2015). A Comparison of Animal Words in English and Chinese Culture. Presented at the 5th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Medicine. Retrieved from: https://wenku.baidu.com/view/95eb244105087632311212ee.html

Learn new skills from this video’s sponsor, Skillshare: <a href="http://skl.sh/minuteearth4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://skl.sh/minuteearth4</a> Humans from different cultures anthropomorphize different animals to represent the same human traits. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons <a href="https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth</a> and our YouTube sponsors. ______ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Sunshower: A meteorological phenomenon in which the sunshines while rain is falling. Idiom: A group of words whose meaning is not readily understandable by defining the individual words. Anthropomorphism: The attribution of human characteristics to an animal or god or object. Linguistic Anthropology: A field of study into how language shapes communication around the world. ______ If you’re an American, this New York Times dialect quiz can predict your hometown based on the particular words you use: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/upshot/dialect-quiz-map.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/upshot/dialect-quiz-map.html</a> _______ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: <a href="http://goo.gl/EpIDGd" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://goo.gl/EpIDGd</a> Support us on Patreon: <a href="https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ</a> And visit our website: <a href="https://www.minuteearth.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.minuteearth.com/</a> Say hello on Facebook: <a href="http://goo.gl/FpAvo6" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://goo.gl/FpAvo6</a> And Twitter: <a href="http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC</a> And download our videos on itunes: <a href="https://goo.gl/sfwS6n" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/sfwS6n</a> _______ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich) Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: <a href="http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder</a> ___________ References: Blust, R. (1999). The Fox’s Wedding. Anthropos. 94: 487-499. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465016" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465016</a>. Perkovic, A. and Rata, G. (2008). On The Romanian Equivalency Of Animal Idioms In English. Journal of Linguistic Studies. 1: 65-71. Retrieved from: <a href="http://docplayer.net/amp/64640306-Journal-of-linguistic-studies.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://docplayer.net/amp/64640306-Journal-of-linguistic-studies.html</a> Tiechuan, M. (2015). Cause Analysis of Different Culture Image in English and Chinese Animal Idiom. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 3: 10-19. Retrieved from: <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f582/3a67a9d085c57417d069ef4bda0df7dd4b4c.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f582/3a67a9d085c57417d069ef4bda0df7dd4b4c.pdf</a> Shi, T. (2015). A Comparison of Animal Words in English and Chinese Culture. Presented at the 5th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Medicine. Retrieved from: <a href="https://wenku.baidu.com/view/95eb244105087632311212ee.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://wenku.baidu.com/view/95eb244105087632311212ee.html</a>

Why You Shouldn't Give Ginger To Monkeys (and other animal sayings)

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