Language Therapy with Dr. K which was hosted on this channel for the past 3 years now has its own separate chanel. Search and subscribe to the new channel wherever you get your podcasts to receive the upcoming episodes of the beloved podcast series! 

Language Therapy with Dr. K which was hosted on this channel for the past 3 years now has its own separate chanel. Search and subscribe to the new channel wherever you get your podcasts to receive the upcoming episodes of the beloved podcast series!

Language Therapy with Dr. K Has Moved

What is Armenian mother guilt in the diaspora? How can a pandemic impact language dynamics in the home? Why is it that our professional expertise, competence, and training often disappear when it comes to things Armenian, our families, and our own children? Join Dr. K and Dr. Lori Mesrobian, USC professor of Spanish, as they discuss the extra complications of transmitting Armenian during the pandemic, the intense grief, disappointment, and shame associated with fears of loss, and the need for local and global language resources.

What is Armenian mother guilt in the diaspora? How can a pandemic impact language dynamics in the home? Why is it that our professional expertise, competence, and training often disappear when it comes to things Armenian, our families, and our own children? Join Dr. K and Dr. Lori Mesrobian, USC professor of Spanish, as they discuss the extra complications of transmitting Armenian during the pandemic, the intense grief, disappointment, and shame associated with fears of loss, and the need for local and global language resources.

Language Therapy With Dr. K | The Toll of the Pandemic on Armenian Mother Guilt

Are you up for a game of Belote? How did a French trick-taking card game gain such ubiquitous popularity both in Armenia and the diaspora? What is the special Armenian twist (hint: the bazar element) with its own language dynamics and social hierarchy? Though full of French, Turkish, and Russian words, why is it perceived as such an Armenian domain by players? Join Dr. K with research assistant and USC student Sarkis Tricha as they explore the roots and origins of Belote, the various game-specific terms used by speakers of Eastern and Western Armenian, the social dynamics and implications of the game, and the importance of using language as a means to play! For more, visit armenian.usc.edu.

Are you up for a game of Belote? How did a French trick-taking card game gain such ubiquitous popularity both in Armenia and the diaspora? What is the special Armenian twist (hint: the bazar element) with its own language dynamics and social hierarchy? Though full of French, Turkish, and Russian words, why is it perceived as such an Armenian domain by players? Join Dr. K with research assistant and USC student Sarkis Tricha as they explore the roots and origins of Belote, the various game-specific terms used by speakers of Eastern and Western Armenian, the social dynamics and implications of the game, and the importance of using language as a means to play! For more, visit <a href="../../../content/armenian.usc.edu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Language Therapy with Dr. K | From Bazar to Belote: Language as Means to Play

How do immigrants navigate integrating into host societies while still maintaining an orientation toward the homeland? What is the role of language in that process? What if they live in a society with a colonial/imperial legacy? Dr. K is joined by UCLA PhD candidate Anatolii Tokmantcev as they discuss the formation of Armenian communities in Russia, how Armenians are conceptualized in the Russian imagination, the factors that contribute to the quick loss of the Armenian language, and so much more. Join them for a fascinating discussion on the salience of language in particular sociolinguistic contexts. For more, visit armenian.usc.edu.

How do immigrants navigate integrating into host societies while still maintaining an orientation toward the homeland? What is the role of language in that process? What if they live in a society with a colonial/imperial legacy? Dr. K is joined by UCLA PhD candidate Anatolii Tokmantcev as they discuss the formation of Armenian communities in Russia, how Armenians are conceptualized in the Russian imagination, the factors that contribute to the quick loss of the Armenian language, and so much more. Join them for a fascinating discussion on the salience of language in particular sociolinguistic contexts. For more, visit <a href="armenian.usc.edu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Language Therapy with Dr. K | Armenian(s) in Russia: A Case of Linguistic Plastic Surgery

How do colonial and diasporic histories impact language dynamics? How do these forces manifest themselves in the case of curious hybrids or third-culture kids, the characterization author Nadia Owusu uses to encapsulate her Ghanian and Armenian-American heritage, through the lens of a child growing up in various international communities? Join Dr. K and Nadia Owusu as they discuss Aftershocks, Owusu’s powerful memoir, and use it as a springboard for topics such as colonialism, inherited languages, code-switching, accents, ownership, writing, and performing belonging. For more, visit armenian.usc.edu.

How do colonial and diasporic histories impact language dynamics? How do these forces manifest themselves in the case of curious hybrids or third-culture kids, the characterization author Nadia Owusu uses to encapsulate her Ghanian and Armenian-American heritage, through the lens of a child growing up in various international communities? Join Dr. K and Nadia Owusu as they discuss Aftershocks, Owusu’s powerful memoir, and use it as a springboard for topics such as colonialism, inherited languages, code-switching, accents, ownership, writing, and performing belonging. For more, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Language Therapy with Dr. K | Failures of Language & Curious Hybrids

What happens when an alternative weekly in Orange County starts a column called ¡Ask a Mexican!, in which journalist Gustavo Arellano responds to reader questions about Mexican-American stereotypes in a satirical, wonderfully witty and informative manner? And he uses Spanish and Spanglish in almost every response? And it becomes so successful that it turns into a book? Join Dr. K and trailblazing LA Times columnist and author Gustavo Arellano as they use his work to talk about journalistic tropes and conventions, immigrant stereotypes and experiences, and of course, issues of language.   For more, visit armenian.usc.edu.

What happens when an alternative weekly in Orange County starts a column called ¡Ask a Mexican!, in which journalist Gustavo Arellano responds to reader questions about Mexican-American stereotypes in a satirical, wonderfully witty and informative manner? And he uses Spanish and Spanglish in almost every response? And it becomes so successful that it turns into a book? Join Dr. K and trailblazing LA Times columnist and author Gustavo Arellano as they use his work to talk about journalistic tropes and conventions, immigrant stereotypes and experiences, and of course, issues of language.   For more, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Language Therapy with Dr. K | ¡Ask a Mexican!

What do Europe’s reactions to this war seem to be saying about what Europe will or won’t tolerate when it comes to aggression and war? Has Europe’s vision of a united Europe changed irrevocably? Will small countries like Armenia, Moldova and Georgia now be faced with even starker choices between Russia and the West? How will Europe’s relationships with the countries of the Caucasus change and can those changes benefit societies in the Caucasus? Institute Director Salpi Ghazarian speaks with Dr. Vicken Cheterian, writer, journalist, scholar and author of War and Peace in the Caucasus, and a lecturer at Webster University Geneva. This is Episode 11 of the limited series called Ukraine, Armenia &amp; War. For more, visit Armenian.usc.edu.

What do Europe’s reactions to this war seem to be saying about what Europe will or won’t tolerate when it comes to aggression and war? Has Europe’s vision of a united Europe changed irrevocably? Will small countries like Armenia, Moldova and Georgia now be faced with even starker choices between Russia and the West? How will Europe’s relationships with the countries of the Caucasus change and can those changes benefit societies in the Caucasus? Institute Director Salpi Ghazarian speaks with Dr. Vicken Cheterian, writer, journalist, scholar and author of War and Peace in the Caucasus, and a lecturer at Webster University Geneva. This is Episode 11 of the limited series called Ukraine, Armenia &amp; War. For more, visit <a href="Armenian.usc.edu" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Armenia & Europe: Ukraine, Armenia & War

How will Turkey’s military and diplomatic support to Ukraine — while disassociating from the Western campaign to limit Russia’s reach — determine its regional policies going forward? How will Armenia and Karabakh be impacted? How will negotiations regarding opening the Turkey-Armenia border figure into Turkey’s calculus for its role in the region? Amberin Zaman is a veteran Turkish journalist who has covered Turkey and the region for a variety of international publications. She is Senior Correspondent for Al-Monitor. She speaks with Institute Director Salpi Ghazarian on the view of the Ukraine war from Turkey. This is Episode 10 of the limited series called Ukraine, Armenia &amp; War. For more, visit Armenian.usc.edu.

How will Turkey’s military and diplomatic support to Ukraine — while disassociating from the Western campaign to limit Russia’s reach — determine its regional policies going forward? How will Armenia and Karabakh be impacted? How will negotiations regarding opening the Turkey-Armenia border figure into Turkey’s calculus for its role in the region? Amberin Zaman is a veteran Turkish journalist who has covered Turkey and the region for a variety of international publications. She is Senior Correspondent for <a href="https://www.al-monitor.com/authors/amberin-zaman.html" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Al-Monitor</a>. She speaks with Institute Director Salpi Ghazarian on the view of the Ukraine war from Turkey. This is Episode 10 of the limited series called Ukraine, Armenia &amp; War. For more, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Armenian.usc.edu</a>.

The View From Turkey:  Ukraine, Armenia & War

USC Professor Robert English studies the USSR, Russia and Eastern Europe. Here, he discusses the perceptions and policies of the other former Soviet republics in light of Russia’s actions in Ukraine, with Institute Director Salpi Ghazarian. Russia’s intentions and possible encroachment (military, political and economic) on the other 13 republics, what might follow a cessation of hostilities, limited room to maneuver bilaterally with Russia, and the deepening of enmities exacerbated by this war, as well as similarities in use of violence against close populations – all of these impact Armenia, Georgia and their stability, security and sovereignty. This is Episode 9 of the limited series called Ukraine, Armenia &amp; War. For more, visit Armenian.usc.edu.

USC Professor Robert English studies the USSR, Russia and Eastern Europe. Here, he discusses the perceptions and policies of the other former Soviet republics in light of Russia’s actions in Ukraine, with Institute Director Salpi Ghazarian. Russia’s intentions and possible encroachment (military, political and economic) on the other 13 republics, what might follow a cessation of hostilities, limited room to maneuver bilaterally with Russia, and the deepening of enmities exacerbated by this war, as well as similarities in use of violence against close populations – all of these impact Armenia, Georgia and their stability, security and sovereignty. This is Episode 9 of the limited series called Ukraine, Armenia &amp; War. For more, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Armenian.usc.edu</a>.

When "Don't Irritate Russia" Became Regional Policy: Ukraine, Armenia & War

Professor Ervand Abrahamian of City University of New York expresses his concerns about possible ramifications of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on Iran. In a conversation with Institute Director Salpi Ghazarian, they talk about Iran’s relations with all of the regional actors – Georgia, Armenia, the Caucasus, Turkey - in light of the war and its possible outcomes. Is this a return to the Tsarist Russian vision for the neighborhood? This is Episode 8 of the limited series called Ukraine, Armenia &amp; War. For more, visit Armenian.usc.edu.

Professor Ervand Abrahamian of City University of New York expresses his concerns about possible ramifications of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on Iran. In a conversation with Institute Director Salpi Ghazarian, they talk about Iran’s relations with all of the regional actors – Georgia, Armenia, the Caucasus, Turkey - in light of the war and its possible outcomes. Is this a return to the Tsarist Russian vision for the neighborhood? This is Episode 8 of the limited series called Ukraine, Armenia &amp; War. For more, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Armenian.usc.edu</a>.

The View From Iran: Ukraine, Armenia & War

The USC Institute of Armenian Studies promotes scholarship that addresses national and global challenges; impacting policy, development, and progress.

If you have any interest in not just Armenian Studies but scholarship of, on, and by ethnic  groups and (non-mainstream) nations this is the podcast for you. It’s accessible, it bridges the ever-present question of academic scholarship and relevance to contemporary life; frankly it skilfully lets out the hot air of pomposity in scholarship by flipping the equation and puts the onus on scholars and guests to explain why anyone ought to care about their work? And interestingly, there are good reasons why we should.

Not Your Grandma’s Armenian Studies

Bravo Salpy. I love your series! It is so refreshing to get so many intellectual perspectives on Armenian topics that are not discussed often enough in the Armenian media. 
Your interview skills are spot on, provoking a more enjoyable and thought provoking discussion. 
I have gobbled up the series and am awaiting your next guest. I hope that we have an endless supply of Armenian intellectuals and may this series never end. Keep on keeping on. 

Kevork Keshishian 

P.S. I remember you from AYF days 😊.

New Roads

Unpacking Armenian Studies

Shushan Karapetian

Language and identity— but this time also about belonging and anxiety (or guilt) – Dr. Shushan Karapetian researches these issues in the framework of heritage languages in a diasporic context. In conversation with Salpi Ghazarian, director of the Institute of Armenian Studies, they discuss the trajectory of bilingual education, and the link between the Armenian language and expressions of Armenianness. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit http://armenian.usc.edu. References: “Out of the box: Challenging approaches to language transmission in the Diaspora.” Innovate Armenia. University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA, April 2. https://bit.ly/21AKgSK  Karapetian, S. (2014) "How Do I Teach My Kids My Broken Armenian?": A Study of Eastern Armenian Heritage Language Speakers in Los Angeles (Doctoral dissertation). https://bit.ly/2VM7Oal  Karapetian, S.  (2019). “Eastern Armenian speakers as potential Western Armenian learners: Reflections on second dialect acquisition.” B. Der Matossian &amp; B. Der Mugrdechian (Eds.), Western Armenian in the 21st Century: Challenges and New Approaches. Fresno, CA: The Press at Fresno State. https://bit.ly/2VZycNS  Karapetian, S. (2018). “The evolving role of language in the construction of Armenian identity in the diaspora.” In H. Berberian &amp; T. Daryaee (Eds.), Armenian Identity Through the Ages. Mazda Publishers. Karapetian, S. (2018). “Defective Armenian: The destructive impact of heritage language anxiety.” In S. Kresin &amp; S. Bauckus (Eds.), Connecting across Languages and Cultures: A Heritage Language Festschrift in Honor of Olga E. Kagan. Bloomington, IN: Slavica. Karapetian, S. (2017). “Challenges with institutionalizing a pluricentric diasporic language: The case of Armenian in Los Angeles.” In O. Kagan, M. Carreira, &amp; C. Chick (Eds.), A Handbook on Heritage Language Education: From Innovation to Program Building. New York and London: Routledge.

Language and identity— but this time also about belonging and anxiety (or guilt) – Dr. Shushan Karapetian researches these issues in the framework of heritage languages in a diasporic context. In conversation with Salpi Ghazarian, director of the Institute of Armenian Studies, they discuss the trajectory of bilingual education, and the link between the Armenian language and expressions of Armenianness. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://armenian.usc.edu</a>. References: “Out of the box: Challenging approaches to language transmission in the Diaspora.” Innovate Armenia. University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA, April 2. <a href="https://bit.ly/21AKgSK" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/21AKgSK</a> Karapetian, S. (2014) "How Do I Teach My Kids My Broken Armenian?": A Study of Eastern Armenian Heritage Language Speakers in Los Angeles (Doctoral dissertation). <a href="https://bit.ly/2VM7Oal" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/2VM7Oal</a> Karapetian, S.  (2019). “Eastern Armenian speakers as potential Western Armenian learners: Reflections on second dialect acquisition.” B. Der Matossian &amp; B. Der Mugrdechian (Eds.), Western Armenian in the 21st Century: Challenges and New Approaches. Fresno, CA: The Press at Fresno State. <a href="https://bit.ly/2VZycNS" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/2VZycNS</a> Karapetian, S. (2018). “The evolving role of language in the construction of Armenian identity in the diaspora.” In H. Berberian &amp; T. Daryaee (Eds.), Armenian Identity Through the Ages. Mazda Publishers. Karapetian, S. (2018). “Defective Armenian: The destructive impact of heritage language anxiety.” In S. Kresin &amp; S. Bauckus (Eds.), Connecting across Languages and Cultures: A Heritage Language Festschrift in Honor of Olga E. Kagan. Bloomington, IN: Slavica. Karapetian, S. (2017). “Challenges with institutionalizing a pluricentric diasporic language: The case of Armenian in Los Angeles.” In O. Kagan, M. Carreira, &amp; C. Chick (Eds.), A Handbook on Heritage Language Education: From Innovation to Program Building. New York and London: Routledge.

Unpacking Armenian Studies with Dr. Shushan Karapetian

Armine Aleksanyan

Karabakh or Artsakh? Border security or daily life challenges? Armine Aleksanyan discusses these questions in conversation with Salpi Ghazarian, Director of the USC Institute of Armenian Studies. Aleksanyan has been serving as the Deputy Foreign Minister of Nagorno Karabakh (Artsakh) since 2015. She is a graduate of both the Artsakh State University and the Diplomatic Academy of London at University of Westminster. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit http://armenian.usc.edu.

Karabakh or Artsakh? Border security or daily life challenges? Armine Aleksanyan discusses these questions in conversation with Salpi Ghazarian, Director of the USC Institute of Armenian Studies. Aleksanyan has been serving as the Deputy Foreign Minister of Nagorno Karabakh (Artsakh) since 2015. She is a graduate of both the Artsakh State University and the Diplomatic Academy of London at University of Westminster. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Unpacking Armenian Studies with Armine Aleksanyan

Nazan Maksudyan

Inclusion and exclusion: the challenges of identity formation during childhood in Turkey, and in the study of children during genocide -- Dr. Nazan Maksudyan writes on these topics.  Her research focuses on the history of children and youth in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with a focus on non-Muslims and gender, sexuality, education and humanitarianism. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit http://armenian.usc.edu. References: Ottoman Children &amp; Youth During World War I (Syracuse University Press, 2019)  “Agents or Pawns? Nationalism and Ottoman Children during the Great War” (2016) Orphans and Destitute Children in the Late Ottoman Empire (Syracuse University Press, 2014)  Women and the City, Women in the City (Berghahn, 2014), provided an under-researched gendered lens to Ottoman urban history.  “Orphans, Cities, and the State: Vocational Orphanages (Islahhanes) and ‘Reform’ in the Late Ottoman Urban Space” (2011) “Foster-Daughter or Servant, Charity or Abuse: Beslemes in the Late Ottoman Empire” (2008)

Inclusion and exclusion: the challenges of identity formation during childhood in Turkey, and in the study of children during genocide -- Dr. Nazan Maksudyan writes on these topics.  Her research focuses on the history of children and youth in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with a focus on non-Muslims and gender, sexuality, education and humanitarianism. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://armenian.usc.edu</a>. References: Ottoman Children &amp; Youth During World War I (Syracuse University Press, 2019)  “Agents or Pawns? Nationalism and Ottoman Children during the Great War” (2016) Orphans and Destitute Children in the Late Ottoman Empire (Syracuse University Press, 2014)  Women and the City, Women in the City (Berghahn, 2014), provided an under-researched gendered lens to Ottoman urban history.  “Orphans, Cities, and the State: Vocational Orphanages (Islahhanes) and ‘Reform’ in the Late Ottoman Urban Space” (2011) “Foster-Daughter or Servant, Charity or Abuse: Beslemes in the Late Ottoman Empire” (2008)

Unpacking Armenian Studies with Dr. Nazan Maksudyan

Armine Aleksanyan, Deputy Foreign Minister of Nagorno Karabakh, took the stage at Innovate Armenia for a conversation on Karabakh with the Institute's Deputy Director, Dr. Shushan Karapetian. Aleksanyan then stayed on stage to present on 'Real Life in an Unrecognized Republic.' These talks were recorded live at Innovate Armenia on May 18, 2019 at USC. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit http://armenian.usc.edu.

Armine Aleksanyan, Deputy Foreign Minister of Nagorno Karabakh, took the stage at Innovate Armenia for a conversation on Karabakh with the Institute's Deputy Director, Dr. Shushan Karapetian. Aleksanyan then stayed on stage to present on 'Real Life in an Unrecognized Republic.' These talks were recorded live at Innovate Armenia on May 18, 2019 at USC. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Innovate Series with Deputy Foreign Minister of Karabakh Armine Aleksanyan

Mehmet Fatih Uslu

Dr. Mehmet Fatih Uslu, Assistant Professor of Turkish Language and Literature at Istanbul Shehir University, translated Zabel Yesayan's works from Armenian to Turkish. In this episode, Dr. Uslu talks about his "adventure with Armenian and with Zabel Yesayan." This talk took place at Innovate Armenia on May 18, 2019 at USC. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit http://armenian.usc.edu.

Dr. Mehmet Fatih Uslu, Assistant Professor of Turkish Language and Literature at Istanbul Shehir University, translated Zabel Yesayan's works from Armenian to Turkish. In this episode, Dr. Uslu talks about his "adventure with Armenian and with Zabel Yesayan." This talk took place at Innovate Armenia on May 18, 2019 at USC. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Innovate Series on Translating Zabel Yesayan with Professor Mehmet Fatih Uslu (Istanbul Shehir University)

Lilit Keshishyan

Identity, diaspora, literature -- Dr. Lilit Keshishyan explores these topics in a conversation with the Director of the Institute of Armenian Studies, Salpi Ghazarian. Her dissertation examines the representation and reconceptualization of identity in Armenian Diaspora literature focusing on the works of Vahé Oshagan, Hakob Karapents and Vahe Berberian. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit http://armenian.usc.edu.

Identity, diaspora, literature -- Dr. Lilit Keshishyan explores these topics in a conversation with the Director of the Institute of Armenian Studies, Salpi Ghazarian. Her dissertation examines the representation and reconceptualization of identity in Armenian Diaspora literature focusing on the works of Vahé Oshagan, Hakob Karapents and Vahe Berberian. To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://armenian.usc.edu</a>.

Unpacking Armenian Studies with Dr. Lilit Keshishyan

Rik Adriaans

"Those who criticize it will also dance to it at weddings." Anthropologist Rik Adriaans speaks to Institute director Salpi Ghazarian about ethnomusicology, patriotic music videos, post-socialism and the “R” word. Dr. Adriaans, a teaching fellow in digital anthropology at the University College London, studies the politics of Armenian public culture and the anthropology of rabiz music.  To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit http://armenian.usc.edu.

"Those who criticize it will also dance to it at weddings." Anthropologist Rik Adriaans speaks to Institute director Salpi Ghazarian about ethnomusicology, patriotic music videos, post-socialism and the “R” word. Dr. Adriaans, a teaching fellow in digital anthropology at the University College London, studies the politics of Armenian public culture and the anthropology of rabiz music.  To learn more about the USC Institute of Armenian Studies, visit <a href="http://armenian.usc.edu." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://armenian.usc.edu.</a>

Unpacking Armenian Studies with Dr. Rik Adriaans

The best podcast episodes of anyone with an interesting story. With famous guests like Obama, LeBron James, Drake, Oprah Winfrey, Richard Branson, Michelle Obama, Serena Williams, to anyone who has a unique and interesting story to tell. Add episodes you're interested into your queue below!

Best Episodes: Personal Stories & Great Interviews

The best podcast episodes on parenting. Interviewing experts and talking through common issues surrounding parenting. This topic is filled with important lessons and insights for anyone listening. Add episodes you're interested into your queue below!