When Hegel speaks about the family, he has a very specific form of family life in mind. We call that the petty bourgeois family. In our time we can no longer consider the family essential as an economic entity, nor the larger community of blood relatives. The organization of economic life has limited the various functions that the family can fulfill. This has meant, for example, that in the family the personal relationship of a sexual and affective nature has become the most important. With in addition a permanent function in the education of children. However, this does not mean that we can ignore Hegel's views as historically irrelevant. After all, Hekel tries to express in the form of the concept what is essential for the realization of freedom. His question is: what is necessary for the moral construction of common life. The family thus has a necessary function in the realization of such a community. So we must read the texts about the family from our own perspective that hates, that of the realization of freedom. According to Hegel, man is more than just a legal person or a moral subject. Man is involved in social relationships in a substantial way. The spirit of a community is the condition of morality, and without morality law cannot stand. The social community is able to give a concrete determination to the good, that is to say the unity of law and welfare. The family is the first and immediate form in which the unity of right and welfare is realized. In the family, man is no longer an abstraction. Only within the community do people really exist. The primary situation of communal life is the family. Love is the element that guarantees the unity of the general and the particular. In the family I do not exist as a separate individual, but I am part of a living community. That community is held together by trust and love. And such unity is not primarily understood, but felt. Family members faithfully care for each other and are emotionally connected. In the family it is not about laws and not about a rational structure of living together. Hence, dislike says that this is about the "individual in his natural generality." Natural sexual differentiation and forms of spontaneous affectivity is not just a natural given. It is about the natural generality, but it exists as a spiritual reality. The physical duality of the sexes is being transformed into a spiritual unity. Love is reason in% of the feeling. It is unity in the multiplicity. If we take sexuality as purely physical, it remains characterized by a mutual outward goat. The mind is unable to think of this union in marriage and the multiplicity in the physical distinct union in unity with each other. However, human reason is capable of this. Love is a paradox according to Hegel. I give up my own independence and now exist in unity with others. That loss is experienced by me as the answer to a desire. It is satisfying that as an individual I can nevertheless give up my independence in order to derive the value and meaning of my existence from my involvement with others.

When Hegel speaks about the family, he has a very specific form of family life in mind. We call that the petty bourgeois family. In our time we can no longer consider the family essential as an economic entity, nor the larger community of blood relatives. The organization of economic life has limited the various functions that the family can fulfill. This has meant, for example, that in the family the personal relationship of a sexual and affective nature has become the most important. With in addition a permanent function in the education of children. However, this does not mean that we can ignore Hegel's views as historically irrelevant. After all, Hekel tries to express in the form of the concept what is essential for the realization of freedom. His question is: what is necessary for the moral construction of common life. The family thus has a necessary function in the realization of such a community. So we must read the texts about the family from our own perspective that hates, that of the realization of freedom. According to Hegel, man is more than just a legal person or a moral subject. Man is involved in social relationships in a substantial way. The spirit of a community is the condition of morality, and without morality law cannot stand. The social community is able to give a concrete determination to the good, that is to say the unity of law and welfare. The family is the first and immediate form in which the unity of right and welfare is realized. In the family, man is no longer an abstraction. Only within the community do people really exist. The primary situation of communal life is the family. Love is the element that guarantees the unity of the general and the particular. In the family I do not exist as a separate individual, but I am part of a living community. That community is held together by trust and love. And such unity is not primarily understood, but felt. Family members faithfully care for each other and are emotionally connected. In the family it is not about laws and not about a rational structure of living together. Hence, dislike says that this is about the "individual in his natural generality." Natural sexual differentiation and forms of spontaneous affectivity is not just a natural given. It is about the natural generality, but it exists as a spiritual reality. The physical duality of the sexes is being transformed into a spiritual unity. Love is reason in% of the feeling. It is unity in the multiplicity. If we take sexuality as purely physical, it remains characterized by a mutual outward goat. The mind is unable to think of this union in marriage and the multiplicity in the physical distinct union in unity with each other. However, human reason is capable of this. Love is a paradox according to Hegel. I give up my own independence and now exist in unity with others. That loss is experienced by me as the answer to a desire. It is satisfying that as an individual I can nevertheless give up my independence in order to derive the value and meaning of my existence from my involvement with others.

The Family - Encyclopedia #518-522

Discussion of the two paragraphs that mark the transition between Morality and Social Ethics (Sittlichkeit). 

Discussion of the two paragraphs that mark the transition between Morality and Social Ethics (Sittlichkeit).

Transition to Social Ethics - Encyclopedia #511 & 512

508 But though the good is the universal of will - a universal determined in itself - and thus including in it particularity - still so far as this particularity is in the first instance still abstract, there is no principle at hand to determine it. Such determination therefore starts up also outside that universal; and as heteronomy or determinance of a will which is free and has rights of its own, there awakes here the deepest contradiction. (a) In consequence of the indeterminate determinism of the good, there are always several sorts of good and many kinds of duties, the variety of which is a dialectic of one against another and brings them into collision. At the same time because good is one, they ought to stand in harmony; and yet each of them, though it is particular duty, is as good and as duty absolute. It falls upon the agent to be the dialectic which, superseding this absolute claim of each, concludes such a combination of them as excludes the rest.

508 But though the good is the universal of will - a universal determined in itself - and thus including in it particularity - still so far as this particularity is in the first instance still abstract, there is no principle at hand to determine it. Such determination therefore starts up also outside that universal; and as heteronomy or determinance of a will which is free and has rights of its own, there awakes here the deepest contradiction. (a) In consequence of the indeterminate determinism of the good, there are always several sorts of good and many kinds of duties, the variety of which is a dialectic of one against another and brings them into collision. At the same time because good is one, they ought to stand in harmony; and yet each of them, though it is particular duty, is as good and as duty absolute. It falls upon the agent to be the dialectic which, superseding this absolute claim of each, concludes such a combination of them as excludes the rest.

The particularity of good actions - par. 508 Encyclopedia

507 The truth of these particularities and the concrete unity of their formalism is the content of the universal, essential and actual, will - the law and underlying essence of every phase of volition, the essential and actual good. It is thus the absolute final aim of the world, and duty for the agent who ought to have insight into the good, make it his intention and bring it about by his activity.

507 The truth of these particularities and the concrete unity of their formalism is the content of the universal, essential and actual, will - the law and underlying essence of every phase of volition, the essential and actual good. It is thus the absolute final aim of the world, and duty for the agent who ought to have insight into the good, make it his intention and bring it about by his activity.

What is the (universal) Good? - Par. 507 Encyclopedia

Discussion of both the German text and the English translation.  The full video version can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPvJ_Ihkris

Discussion of both the German text and the English translation.  The full video version can be found here: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPvJ_Ihkris" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPvJ_Ihkris</a>

Purpose and wellbeing - #505 and 506 Hegel's Encyclopedia

A fascinating topic: what are the ordinary presuppositions of our moral life? And what are the limitations or illusions of those presuppositions? Hegel's analysis shows clearly that we find it self evident that we are only responsible for our actions, in so far as our intentions go. There are however unforeseen consequences of our actions. So how do we deal with that? 

A fascinating topic: what are the ordinary presuppositions of our moral life? And what are the limitations or illusions of those presuppositions? Hegel's analysis shows clearly that we find it self evident that we are only responsible for our actions, in so far as our intentions go. There are however unforeseen consequences of our actions. So how do we deal with that?

Encyclopedia #504 - Understanding Abstract Morality - Intent and Responsibility

You can find the video version here: https://youtu.be/i1Cwe-PWfQk. Besides a link to the video you will find a handout, the German text and an English translation at the  newly started Hegelcourses.nl website:  https://hegelcourses.nl/2019/06/14/morality-encyclopedia-503/ 

You can find the video version here: <a href="https://youtu.be/i1Cwe-PWfQk" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/i1Cwe-PWfQk</a>. Besides a link to the video you will find a handout, the German text and an English translation at the  newly started <a href="http://Hegelcourses.nl" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hegelcourses.nl</a> website: <a href="https://hegelcourses.nl/2019/06/14/morality-encyclopedia-503/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://hegelcourses.nl/2019/06/14/morality-encyclopedia-503/</a>

The Reality of our Moral Freedom - Encyclopedia # 503

# 502  A distinction has thus emerged between the law (right) and  the subjective will. The 'reality' of right,  which the personal will in  the first instance gives itself in immediate wise, is seen to be due to  the  instrumentality of the subjective will − whose influence as on one  hand it gives existence to the essential  right, so may on the other cut  itself off from and oppose itself to it. Conversely, the claim of the  subjective  will to be in this abstraction a power over the law of right  is null and empty of itself: it gets truth and reality  essentially only  so far as that will in itself realises the reasonable will. As such it  is morality(2) proper.  

# 502  A distinction has thus emerged between the law (right) and  the subjective will. The 'reality' of right,  which the personal will in  the first instance gives itself in immediate wise, is seen to be due to  the  instrumentality of the subjective will − whose influence as on one  hand it gives existence to the essential  right, so may on the other cut  itself off from and oppose itself to it. Conversely, the claim of the  subjective  will to be in this abstraction a power over the law of right  is null and empty of itself: it gets truth and reality  essentially only  so far as that will in itself realises the reasonable will. As such it  is morality(2) proper.

The Concept of Morality Enc. par. 502

# 501  The instrumentality by which authority is given to intrinsic  right is () that a particular will, that of the  judge, being  conformable to the right, has an interest to turn against the crime  (which in the first instance, in  revenge, is a matter of chance), and  () that an executive power (also in the first instance casual) negates  the  negation of right that was created by the criminal. This negation  of right has its existence in the will of the  criminal; and  consequently revenge or punishment directs itself against the person or  property of the criminal  and exercises coercion upon him. It is in this  legal sphere that coercion in general has possible scope −  compulsion  against the thing, in seizing and maintaining it against another's  seizure: for in this sphere the will  has its existence immediately in  externals as such, or in corporeity, and can be seized only in this  quarter. But  more than possible compulsion is not, so long as I can  withdraw myself as free from every mode of existence,  even from the  range of all existence, i.e. from life. It is legal only as abolishing  a first and original  compulsion.  

# 501  The instrumentality by which authority is given to intrinsic  right is () that a particular will, that of the  judge, being  conformable to the right, has an interest to turn against the crime  (which in the first instance, in  revenge, is a matter of chance), and  () that an executive power (also in the first instance casual) negates  the  negation of right that was created by the criminal. This negation  of right has its existence in the will of the  criminal; and  consequently revenge or punishment directs itself against the person or  property of the criminal  and exercises coercion upon him. It is in this  legal sphere that coercion in general has possible scope −  compulsion  against the thing, in seizing and maintaining it against another's  seizure: for in this sphere the will  has its existence immediately in  externals as such, or in corporeity, and can be seized only in this  quarter. But  more than possible compulsion is not, so long as I can  withdraw myself as free from every mode of existence,  even from the  range of all existence, i.e. from life. It is legal only as abolishing  a first and original  compulsion.

The Character of Punishment Enc. par. 501

¤ 500  As a violation of right, such an action is essentially and  actually null. In it the agent, as a volitional and  intelligent being,  sets up a law − a law, however, which is formal and recognized by him  only − a universal  which has validity for him, and under which he has at  the same time subsumed himself by his action. To  display the nullity of  such an act, to carry out simultaneously this formal law and the  intrinsic right, in the  first instance by means of a subjective  individual will, is the work of Revenge. But revenge, starting from the  interest of an immediate particular personality, is at the same time  only a new outrage; and so on without end.  This progression, like the  last, abolishes itself in a third judgement, which is disinterested −  punishment.  

¤ 500  As a violation of right, such an action is essentially and  actually null. In it the agent, as a volitional and  intelligent being,  sets up a law − a law, however, which is formal and recognized by him  only − a universal  which has validity for him, and under which he has at  the same time subsumed himself by his action. To  display the nullity of  such an act, to carry out simultaneously this formal law and the  intrinsic right, in the  first instance by means of a subjective  individual will, is the work of Revenge. But revenge, starting from the  interest of an immediate particular personality, is at the same time  only a new outrage; and so on without end.  This progression, like the  last, abolishes itself in a third judgement, which is disinterested −  punishment.

The Necessity of Punishment - Enc. par. 500

Analysis of three paragraphs in section c. Right vs. Wrong, in Hegel's Encyclopedia. ¤ 497  Now so long as (compared against this show) the one  intrinsically right, still presumed identical with the several titles,  is affirmed, willed, and recognized, the only diversity lies in this,  that the special thing is subsumed under the one law or right by the  particular will of these several persons. This is naive, non−malicious  wrong. Such wrong in the several claimants is a simple negative  judgement, expressing the civil suit. To settle it there is required a  third judgement, which, as the judgement of the intrinsically right, is disinterested, and a power of giving the one right existence as against  that semblance.  ¤ 498  But (2) if the semblance of right as such is willed against  the right intrinsically by the particular will, which thus becomes  wicked, then the external recognition of right is separated from the  right's true value; and while the former only is respected, the latter  is violated. This gives the wrong of fraud − the infinite judgement as  identical (¤173) − where the nominal relation is retained, but the  sterling value is let slip.  ¤ 499  (3) Finally, the particular will sets itself in opposition  to the intrinsic right by negating that right itself as well as its  recognition or semblance. (Here there is a negatively infinite  judgement (¤ 173) in which there is denied the class as a whole, and  not merely the particular mode − in this case the apparent  recognition.) Thus the will is violently wicked, and commits a crime

Analysis of three paragraphs in section c. Right vs. Wrong, in Hegel's Encyclopedia. ¤ 497  Now so long as (compared against this show) the one  intrinsically right, still presumed identical with the several titles,  is affirmed, willed, and recognized, the only diversity lies in this,  that the special thing is subsumed under the one law or right by the  particular will of these several persons. This is naive, non−malicious  wrong. Such wrong in the several claimants is a simple negative  judgement, expressing the civil suit. To settle it there is required a  third judgement, which, as the judgement of the intrinsically right, is disinterested, and a power of giving the one right existence as against  that semblance.  ¤ 498  But (2) if the semblance of right as such is willed against  the right intrinsically by the particular will, which thus becomes  wicked, then the external recognition of right is separated from the  right's true value; and while the former only is respected, the latter  is violated. This gives the wrong of fraud − the infinite judgement as  identical (¤173) − where the nominal relation is retained, but the  sterling value is let slip.  ¤ 499  (3) Finally, the particular will sets itself in opposition  to the intrinsic right by negating that right itself as well as its  recognition or semblance. (Here there is a negatively infinite  judgement (¤ 173) in which there is denied the class as a whole, and  not merely the particular mode − in this case the apparent  recognition.) Thus the will is violently wicked, and commits a crime

Degrees of Injustice - Encyclopedia #497-499

  495 The contract, as an agreement which has a voluntary origin and deals with a casual commodity, involves at the same time the giving to this 'accidental' will a positive fixity. This will may just as well not be conformable to law (right), and, in that case, produces a wrong: by which, however, the absolute law (right) is not superseded, but only a relationship originated of right to wrong.  (c) RIGHT versus WRONG  496 Law (right) considered as the realization of liberty in externals, breaks up into a multiplicity of relations to this external sphere and to other persons (¤¤ 491, 493 seqq.). In this way there are (1) several titles or grounds at law, of which (seeing that property both on the personal and the real side is exclusively individual) only one is the right, but which, because they face each other, each and all are invested with a show of right, against which the former is defined as the intrinsically right.    

495 The contract, as an agreement which has a voluntary origin and deals with a casual commodity, involves at the same time the giving to this 'accidental' will a positive fixity. This will may just as well not be conformable to law (right), and, in that case, produces a wrong: by which, however, the absolute law (right) is not superseded, but only a relationship originated of right to wrong. (c) RIGHT versus WRONG 496 Law (right) considered as the realization of liberty in externals, breaks up into a multiplicity of relations to this external sphere and to other persons (¤¤ 491, 493 seqq.). In this way there are (1) several titles or grounds at law, of which (seeing that property both on the personal and the real side is exclusively individual) only one is the right, but which, because they face each other, each and all are invested with a show of right, against which the former is defined as the intrinsically right.

Right versus wrong - par 495 & 496 Encyclopedia

¤ 488 Mind, in the immediacy of its self−secured liberty, is an individual, but one that knows its individuality as an absolutely free will: it is a person, in whom the inward sense of this freedom, as in itself still abstract and empty, has its particularity and fulfilment not yet on its own part, but on an external thing. This thing, as something devoid of will, has no rights against the subjectivity of intelligence and volition, and is by that subjectivity made adjectival to it, the external sphere of its liberty − possession.¤ 489 By the judgement of possession, at first in the outward appropriation, the thing acquires the predicate of 'mine'. But this predicate, on its own account merely 'practical', has here the signification that I import my personal will into the thing. As so characterized, possession is property, which as possession is a means, but as existence of the personality is an end.¤ 490 In his property the person is brought into union with himself. But the thing is an abstractly external thing, and the I in it is abstractly external. The concrete return of me into me in the externality is that I, the infinite self−relation, am as a person the repulsion of me from myself, and have the existence of my personality in the being of other persons, in my relation to them and in my recognition by them, which is thus mutual.¤ 491 The thing is the mean by which the extremes meet in one. These extremes are the persons who, in the knowledge of their identity as free, are simultaneously mutually independent. For them my will has its definite recognizable existence in the thing by the immediate bodily act of taking possession, or by the formation of the thing or, it may be, by mere designation of it.¤ 492 The casual aspect of property is that I place my will in this thing: so far my will is arbitrary, I can just as well put it in it as not − just as well withdraw it as not. But so far as my will lies in a thing, it is only I who can withdraw it: it is only with my will that the thing can pass to another, whose property it similarly becomes only with his will: − Contract.

¤ 488 Mind, in the immediacy of its self−secured liberty, is an individual, but one that knows its individuality as an absolutely free will: it is a person, in whom the inward sense of this freedom, as in itself still abstract and empty, has its particularity and fulfilment not yet on its own part, but on an external thing. This thing, as something devoid of will, has no rights against the subjectivity of intelligence and volition, and is by that subjectivity made adjectival to it, the external sphere of its liberty − possession. ¤ 489 By the judgement of possession, at first in the outward appropriation, the thing acquires the predicate of 'mine'. But this predicate, on its own account merely 'practical', has here the signification that I import my personal will into the thing. As so characterized, possession is property, which as possession is a means, but as existence of the personality is an end. ¤ 490 In his property the person is brought into union with himself. But the thing is an abstractly external thing, and the I in it is abstractly external. The concrete return of me into me in the externality is that I, the infinite self−relation, am as a person the repulsion of me from myself, and have the existence of my personality in the being of other persons, in my relation to them and in my recognition by them, which is thus mutual. ¤ 491 The thing is the mean by which the extremes meet in one. These extremes are the persons who, in the knowledge of their identity as free, are simultaneously mutually independent. For them my will has its definite recognizable existence in the thing by the immediate bodily act of taking possession, or by the formation of the thing or, it may be, by mere designation of it. ¤ 492 The casual aspect of property is that I place my will in this thing: so far my will is arbitrary, I can just as well put it in it as not − just as well withdraw it as not. But so far as my will lies in a thing, it is only I who can withdraw it: it is only with my will that the thing can pass to another, whose property it similarly becomes only with his will: − Contract.

Summary of Property - Encyclopedia #488 - 492

Ivana Turudic

Just a conversation about property, but on the basis of Hegel's philosophy!

Discussion of par 44 and 45 PhR with Ivana Turudic

Abstract Right

Discussion of Par 44 gets us to the great question why it is property that defines our freedom. Par. 44 explains the entitlement to acquire property, where property is the ownership of natural things that have no self-consciousness nor free will. The absolute chasm between subjective freedom and objective, natural things is also a contradiction., To make something "mine" involves changing the thing that UI acquire. There is no such thing as as a "thing-in-itself" that would remain whatever it was, above and beyond my appropriation of it. This shows the power of the human mind to give itself a world in which it expresses itself. This reality defeats any attempt at absolute realism or transcendental idealism, and certainly it takes away the mystic notion that things have some sort of inner life.The issue of ownership of sentient beings - especially dolphins and apes that have language and self-awareness - but no ownership - then becomes interesting.

Discussion of Par 44 gets us to the great question why it is property that defines our freedom. Par. 44 explains the entitlement to acquire property, where property is the ownership of natural things that have no self-consciousness nor free will. The absolute chasm between subjective freedom and objective, natural things is also a contradiction., To make something "mine" involves changing the thing that UI acquire. There is no such thing as as a "thing-in-itself" that would remain whatever it was, above and beyond my appropriation of it. This shows the power of the human mind to give itself a world in which it expresses itself. This reality defeats any attempt at absolute realism or transcendental idealism, and certainly it takes away the mystic notion that things have some sort of inner life. The issue of ownership of sentient beings - especially dolphins and apes that have language and self-awareness - but no ownership - then becomes interesting.

Abstract Right #2 - Personality and Property - par 44 PhR

What is a "person"? Not in a psychological, but in a philosophical sense. Hegel uses that word to express the existing free wil, the subject of freedom and liberty. But a "person" is in his language just an abstract individual. And just as abstract is the main category of personality: property. In Hegel's text there is a discussion going on with the tradition of "natural law" (Naturrecht) that defined freedom only negatively. But up to a point their approach is valid, Hegel says. On the level of abstract institutions like property, freedom is indeed negative and abstract.How to go on from there? Hegel explains that in these paragraphs.

What is a "person"? Not in a psychological, but in a philosophical sense. Hegel uses that word to express the existing free wil, the subject of freedom and liberty. But a "person" is in his language just an abstract individual. And just as abstract is the main category of personality: property. In Hegel's text there is a discussion going on with the tradition of "natural law" (Naturrecht) that defined freedom only negatively. But up to a point their approach is valid, Hegel says. On the level of abstract institutions like property, freedom is indeed negative and abstract. How to go on from there? Hegel explains that in these paragraphs.

Hegel on Personality and Abstract Right - PhR #35-39

Summary of Hegel's teachings on the concept of the free will from the introduction to the Philosophy of Right. In preparation of dealing with the section on property and possession.

Recap of the Concept of Freedom

Recording of the third part (of 3) of the WiZiQ lecture on the concepts of freedom and liberty - reading Hegel's Philosophy of Right, the introduction # 4-9.

Freedom and Liberty part 3 (of 3)

Recording of the second part (of 3) of the WiZiQ lecture on the concepts of freedom and liberty - reading Hegel's Philosophy of Right, the introduction # 4-9.

Freedom and Liberty - (2/3)

Recording of the first part (of 3) of the WiZiQ lecture on the comncfepts of freedom and liberty - reading Hegel's Philosophy of Right, the introduction # 4-9.

Freedom and Liberty (1/3)

Robbert Veen's Hegel Podcast

But, due to a technical difficulty Ivana's voice was not recorded. What we have left are fragments of a conversation, but I hope you can still make some sense of it.

Hegeliana with Ivana - discussing the Philosophy of Right

Why Study Hegel? #1

Why Study Hegel? #2

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The best podcast episodes on romantic relationships. Episodes talk about the 5 love languages, intimacy, and the taboo topics of sexual desires and infidelity. This topic is a deep dive into the science and complexities that face us in our relationships with others. Add episodes you're interested into your queue below!