Nicholas Alahverdian

Nicholas Alahverdian (born July 11, 1987),[4][5] also known as Nicholas Rossi and Arthur Knight, among other aliases,[3] is an American sex offender who faked his own death in 2020. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

Nicholas Alahverdian (born July 11, 1987),<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Alahverdian#cite_note-4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Alahverdian#cite_note-Death6-5" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[5]</a> also known as Nicholas Rossi and Arthur Knight, among other aliases,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Alahverdian#cite_note-Peiser-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[3]</a> is an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_offender" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sex offender</a> who <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faked_death" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">faked his own death</a> in 2020. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Joseph Smith

Joseph Smith Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and the founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. Publishing the Book of Mormon at the age of 24, Smith had attracted tens of thousands of followers by the time of his death fourteen years later. The religion he founded continues to the present day, with millions of global adherents and several churches claiming Smith as their founder, the largest being The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).  Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

Joseph Smith Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and the founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mormonism</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Latter Day Saint movement</a>. Publishing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Book of Mormon</a> at the age of 24, Smith had attracted tens of thousands of followers by the time of his death fourteen years later. The religion he founded continues to the present day, with millions of global adherents and several churches claiming Smith as their founder, the largest being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church). Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Virginia Hall Goillot DSC, Croix de Guerre, MBE (April 6, 1906 – July 8, 1982), code named Marie and Diane, was an American who worked with the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in France during World War II. The objective of SOE and OSS was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany. SOE and OSS agents in France allied themselves with resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. After World War II Hall worked for the Special Activities Division of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).   Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

Virginia Hall Goillot <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">DSC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Croix de Guerre</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">MBE</a> (April 6, 1906 – July 8, 1982), code named Marie and Diane, was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">American</a> who worked with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">United Kingdom</a>'s clandestine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">American</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">France</a> during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World War II</a>. The objective of SOE and OSS was to conduct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">espionage</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sabotage</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">reconnaissance</a> in occupied Europe against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Axis powers</a>, especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Nazi Germany</a>. SOE and OSS agents in France allied themselves with resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. After World War II Hall worked for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Special Activities Division</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA).   Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Virginia Hall

Titan, previously called Cyclops 2, was a submersible that imploded on 18 June 2023 while transporting tourists to visit the wreckage of Titanic. The submersible was created and operated by OceanGate. It was the first privately-owned submersible with a claimed maximum depth of 4,000 m (13,000 ft),[2] and the first completed crewed submersible with a hull constructed of titanium and carbon fiber composite materials.  Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

Titan, previously called Cyclops 2, was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersible" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">submersible</a> that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_submersible_implosion" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">imploded on 18 June 2023</a> while transporting tourists to visit the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_of_the_Titanic" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">wreckage of Titanic</a>. The submersible was created and operated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OceanGate" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">OceanGate</a>. It was the first privately-owned submersible with a claimed maximum depth of 4,000 m (13,000 ft),<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(submersible)#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a> and the first completed crewed submersible with a hull constructed of titanium and carbon fiber composite materials. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Titan and Titanic

Pat Robertson

Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (March 22, 1930 – June 8, 2023) was an American media mogul, religious broadcaster, political commentator, presidential candidate, and Southern Baptist minister. Robertson advocated a conservative Christian ideology and was known for his involvement in Republican Party politics. He was associated with the Charismatic movement within Protestant evangelicalism. He served as head of Regent University and of the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN). Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (March 22, 1930 – June 8, 2023) was an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_proprietor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">media mogul</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televangelism" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">religious broadcaster</a>, political commentator, presidential candidate, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Southern Baptist</a> minister. Robertson advocated a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">conservative Christian</a> ideology and was known for his involvement in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Republican Party</a> politics. He was associated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_movement" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Charismatic movement</a> within Protestant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">evangelicalism</a>. He served as head of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_University" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Regent University</a> and of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Christian Broadcasting Network</a> (CBN). Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Olga (Old East Slavic: Вольга, romanized: Volĭga;[a] Old Norse: Helga; Lith: Alge; Christian name: Elena; c. 890–925 – 969) was a regent of Kievan Rus' for her son Sviatoslav from 945 until 960. Following her baptism, Olga took the name Elenа (Old East Slavic: Ѡлена, romanized: Olena).[2] She is known for her subjugation of the Drevlians, a tribe that had killed her husband Igor of Kiev. Even though it was her grandson Vladimir who converted the entire nation to Christianity, because of her efforts to spread Christianity through Rus', Olga is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church with the epithet "Equal to the Apostles". Her feast day is 11 July. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

Olga (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Old East Slavic</a>: Вольга, romanized: Volĭga;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[a]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Old Norse</a>: Helga; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lith</a>: Alge; Christian name: Elena; c. 890–925 – 969) was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">regent</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kievan Rus'</a> for her son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sviatoslav</a> from 945 until 960. Following her baptism, Olga took the name Elenа (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Old East Slavic</a>: Ѡлена, romanized: Olena).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev#cite_note-:5-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a> She is known for her subjugation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevlians" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Drevlians</a>, a tribe that had killed her husband <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Igor of Kiev</a>. Even though it was her grandson <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vladimir</a> who converted the entire nation to Christianity, because of her efforts to spread <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Christianity</a> through Rus', Olga is venerated as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">saint</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> with the epithet "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-to-apostles" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Equal to the Apostles</a>". Her <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">feast day</a> is 11 July. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Olga of Kiev

Trigger Warning: This week's episode contains references to animal cruelty as well as a bunch of other stuff that's really gross. This week, Heath talks about scientists gone wild. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

Trigger Warning: This week's episode contains references to animal cruelty as well as a bunch of other stuff that's really gross. This week, Heath talks about scientists gone wild. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Elephants on Acid

A Mars rover is a motor vehicle designed to travel on the surface of Mars. Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote robotic vehicle control. They serve a different purpose than orbital spacecraft like Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. A more recent development is the Mars helicopter. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

A Mars rover is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">motor vehicle</a> designed to travel on the surface of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mars</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rovers</a> have several advantages over stationary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">landers</a>: they examine more territory, they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">robotic</a> vehicle control. They serve a different purpose than orbital spacecraft like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>. A more recent development is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_helicopter" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mars helicopter</a>. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Mars Rovers

A star is an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye at night, but their immense distances from Earth make them appear as fixed points of light. The most prominent stars have been categorised into constellations and asterisms, and many of the brightest stars have proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. The observable universe contains an estimated 1022 to 1024 stars. Only about 4,000 of these stars are visible to the naked eye,[1] all within the Milky Way galaxy. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

A star is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_object" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">astronomical object</a> comprising a luminous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroid" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">spheroid</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">plasma</a> held together by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-gravitation" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">self-gravity</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nearest star</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Earth</a> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sun</a>. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_sky" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">night</a>, but their immense distances from Earth make them appear as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_stars" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">fixed</a> points of light. The most prominent stars have been categorised into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">constellations</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">asterisms</a>, and many of the brightest stars have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_name" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">proper names</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Astronomers</a> have assembled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">star catalogues</a> that identify the known stars and provide standardized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_designation" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">stellar designations</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">observable universe</a> contains an estimated 1022 to 1024 stars. Only about 4,000 of these stars are visible to the naked eye,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[1]</a> all within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Milky Way</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">galaxy</a>. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Stars and Exoplanets

Smedley Butler

Major General Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30, 1881 – June 21, 1940), nicknamed the Maverick Marine, was a senior United States Marine Corps officer. During his 34-year career, he fought in the Philippine–American War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Mexican Revolution, and World War I. At the time of his death, Butler was the most decorated Marine in U.S. history. By the end of his career, Butler had received sixteen medals, including five for heroism; he is the only Marine to be awarded the Brevet Medal as well as two Medals of Honor, all for separate actions. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Major General</a> Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30, 1881 – June 21, 1940), nicknamed the Maverick Marine, was a senior <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">United States Marine Corps</a> officer. During his 34-year career, he fought in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Philippine–American War</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Boxer Rebellion</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mexican Revolution</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World War I</a>. At the time of his death, Butler was the most decorated Marine in U.S. history. By the end of his career, Butler had received sixteen medals, including five for heroism; he is the only Marine to be awarded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Brevet_Medal" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Brevet Medal</a> as well as two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medals_of_Honor" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Medals of Honor</a>, all for separate actions. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

The podcast where we choose a subject, read a single Wikipedia article about it, and pretend we’re experts. Because this is the internet, and that’s how it works now.

If you haven&#39;t listened, what&#39;s wrong with you?  Listen to it.

Brilliantly funny

I thought that no one listens to this show but tons of rateings. I love this show sooooo much.

The Best show

Citation Needed

The Taiping Rebellion or the Taiping Civil War was a massive rebellion or civil war in China fought between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Christian millenarian movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom between 1850 to 1864. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

The Taiping Rebellion or the Taiping Civil War was a massive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">rebellion</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">civil war</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">China</a> fought between the established <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Manchu</a>-led <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Qing dynasty</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Christian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millenarian" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">millenarian</a> movement of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a> between 1850 to 1864. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Taiping Rebellion

The Burr–Hamilton duel was a duel fought at Weehawken, New Jersey, between Vice President Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, the former Secretary of the Treasury. It occurred early in the morning of July 11, 1804[1] and was the culmination of a long and bitter rivalry between the two men. Burr shot Hamilton, while Hamilton's shot broke a tree branch above and behind Burr's head. Hamilton was carried to the home of William Bayard Jr. where he died the next day. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

The Burr–Hamilton duel was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">duel</a> fought at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Weehawken, New Jersey</a>, between Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aaron Burr</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Alexander Hamilton</a>, the former Secretary of the Treasury. It occurred early in the morning of July 11, 1804<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[1]</a> and was the culmination of a long and bitter rivalry between the two men. Burr shot Hamilton, while Hamilton's shot broke a tree branch above and behind Burr's head. Hamilton was carried to the home of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bayard_Jr." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">William Bayard Jr.</a> where he died the next day. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

The Burr-Hamilton Duel

Margaret Lovatt

Margaret Howe Lovatt (born Margaret C. Howe, in 1942) is a volunteer naturalist from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. In the 1960s, she took part in a NASA-funded research project in which she attempted to teach a dolphin named Peter to understand and mimic human speech. As a child, she was inspired by a book called Miss Kelly, a story about a cat that communicated with humans. This inspired her to research teaching animals to speak human language.

Margaret Howe Lovatt (born Margaret C. Howe, in 1942) is a volunteer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">naturalist</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands</a>. In the 1960s, she took part in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NASA</a>-funded research project in which she attempted to teach a dolphin named Peter to understand and mimic human speech. As a child, she was inspired by a book called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Sanxay_Holding" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Miss Kelly</a>, a story about a cat that communicated with humans. This inspired her to research teaching animals to speak human language.

Pedro Rodrigues Filho (born July 17, 1954 in Santa Rita do Sapucaí, Minas Gerais), also known as Pedrinho Matador (Killer Petey), is a Brazilian serial killer who pursued and killed other criminals. His victims included 47 people who were murdered inside the very jails he was imprisoned in.  Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

Pedro Rodrigues Filho (born July 17, 1954 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rita_do_Sapuca%C3%AD" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Santa Rita do Sapucaí</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Minas Gerais</a>), also known as Pedrinho Matador (Killer Petey), is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Brazilian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">serial killer</a> who pursued and killed other criminals. His victims included 47 people who were murdered inside the very jails he was imprisoned in. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Killer Petey, the scariest man in Brazil. And on instagram. [True Crime Special]

Uri Geller

Uri Geller (/ˈʊri ˈɡɛlər/;[1] Hebrew: אורי גלר‎; born 20 December 1946) is an Israeli-British[2] illusionist, magician, television personality, and self-proclaimed psychic. He is known for his trademark television performances of spoon bending and other illusions. Geller uses conjuring tricks to simulate the effects of psychokinesis and telepathy.[3][4] Geller's career as an entertainer has spanned more than four decades, with television shows and appearances in many countries. In 2015, FISM (the International Federation of Magical Societies) invited Uri Geller to deliver an inspirational, motivational lecture to over 1500 Magicians at FISM Italy. Geller admitted that he is a magician and can perform seven tricks.[5]

Uri Geller (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">/ˈʊri ˈɡɛlər/</a>;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[1]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hebrew</a>: אורי גלר‎; born 20 December 1946) is an Israeli-British<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a> illusionist, magician, television personality, and self-proclaimed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">psychic</a>. He is known for his trademark television performances of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon_bending" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">spoon bending</a> and other illusions. Geller uses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">conjuring tricks</a> to simulate the effects of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychokinesis" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">psychokinesis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">telepathy</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller#cite_note-books.google-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller#cite_note-4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[4]</a> Geller's career as an entertainer has spanned more than four decades, with television shows and appearances in many countries. In 2015, FISM (the International Federation of Magical Societies) invited Uri Geller to deliver an inspirational, motivational lecture to over 1500 Magicians at FISM Italy. Geller admitted that he is a magician and can perform seven tricks.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller#cite_note-5" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[5]</a>

The Battle of Stamford Bridge (Old English: Gefeoht æt Stanfordbrycge) took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson. After a bloody battle, both Hardrada and Tostig along with most of the Norwegians were killed. Although Harold Godwinson repelled the Norwegian invaders, his army was defeated by the Normans at Hastings less than three weeks later. The battle has traditionally been presented as symbolising the end of the Viking Age, although major Scandinavian campaigns in Britain and Ireland occurred in the following decades, such as those of King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark in 1069–1070 and King Magnus Barefoot of Norway in 1098 and 1102–1103. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

The Battle of Stamford Bridge (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Old English</a>: Gefeoht æt Stanfordbrycge) took place at the village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Bridge,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire</a>, in England on 25 September 1066, between an English army under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">King Harold Godwinson</a> and an invading Norwegian force led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">King Harald Hardrada</a> and the English king's brother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tostig Godwinson</a>. After a bloody battle, both Hardrada and Tostig along with most of the Norwegians were killed. Although Harold Godwinson repelled the Norwegian invaders, his army was defeated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Normans</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hastings</a> less than three weeks later. The battle has traditionally been presented as symbolising the end of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Viking Age</a>, although major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Scandinavian</a> campaigns in Britain and Ireland occurred in the following decades, such as those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark</a> in 1069–1070 and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Norway" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">King Magnus Barefoot of Norway</a> in 1098 and 1102–1103. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

The Battle of Stamford Bridge

The Jamestown[a] settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. It was located on the northeast bank of the James (Powhatan) River about 2.5 mi (4 km) southwest of the center of modern Williamsburg.[1] It was established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607 O.S. (May 14, 1607 N.S.),[2] and was considered permanent after a brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke, established in 1585 on Roanoke Island. Jamestown served as the colonial capital from 1616 until 1699.  Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

The Jamestown<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[a]</a> settlement in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Colony of Virginia</a> was the first permanent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">English settlement</a> in the Americas. It was located on the northeast bank of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">James (Powhatan) River</a> about 2.5 mi (4 km) southwest of the center of modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Williamsburg</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[1]</a> It was established by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Virginia Company of London</a> as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">O.S.</a> (May 14, 1607 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">N.S.</a>),<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia#cite_note-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a> and was considered permanent after a brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several failed attempts, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lost Colony of Roanoke</a>, established in 1585 on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Island" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Roanoke Island</a>. Jamestown served as the colonial capital from 1616 until 1699. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

The Jamestown Colony

This episode is about is a list of serious injuries and deaths in which one or more subjects of a selfie were killed or injured, either before, during or after having taken a photo of themselves, with the accident at least in part attributed to the taking of the photo.

This episode is about is a list of serious injuries and deaths in which one or more subjects of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">selfie</a> were killed or injured, either before, during or after having taken a photo of themselves, with the accident at least in part attributed to the taking of the photo.

Selfie Related Deaths

The Antwerp diamond heist, dubbed the "heist of the century",[1] was by far the largest diamond heist and one of the largest robberies in history. Thieves stole loose diamonds, gold, silver and other types of jewelry valued at more than $100 million.[2][3] It took place in Antwerp, Belgium, during the weekend of 15–16 February 2003. Though arrests were made and time was served, most of the diamonds stolen remain unrecovered.  Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

The Antwerp diamond heist, dubbed the "heist of the century",<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_heist#cite_note-autogenerated2-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[1]</a> was by far the largest diamond heist and one of the largest robberies in history. Thieves stole loose diamonds, gold, silver and other types of jewelry valued at more than $100 million.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_heist#cite_note-autogenerated3-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_heist#cite_note-autogenerated1-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[3]</a> It took place in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Antwerp</a>, Belgium, during the weekend of 15–16 February 2003. Though arrests were made and time was served, most of the diamonds stolen remain unrecovered. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Antwerp Diamond Heist [True Crime Special]

John McAfee

John David McAfee (/ˈmækəfiː/ MAK-ə-fee;[1][2] born September 18, 1945) is a British-American computer programmer and businessman. He founded the software company McAfee Associates in 1987 and ran it until 1994, when he resigned from the company. McAfee Associates achieved early success as the creators of McAfee, the first commercial antivirus software, and the business now produces a range of enterprise security software. The company was purchased by Intel in 2011 and spun back out in 2017 with TPG Capital owning a majority stake, though the software has always borne the McAfee brand name. McAfee's wealth peaked in 2007 at $100 million, before his investments plummeted in the financial crisis of 2007–2008. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

John David McAfee (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">/ˈmækəfiː/</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">MAK-ə-fee</a>;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McAfee#cite_note-fec2015-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McAfee#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a> born September 18, 1945) is a British-American computer programmer and businessman. He founded the software company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">McAfee Associates</a> in 1987 and ran it until 1994, when he resigned from the company. McAfee Associates achieved early success as the creators of McAfee, the first commercial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">antivirus software</a>, and the business now produces a range of enterprise security software. The company was purchased by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Intel</a> in 2011 and spun back out in 2017 with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPG_Capital" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">TPG Capital</a> owning a majority stake, though the software has always borne the McAfee brand name. McAfee's wealth peaked in 2007 at $100 million, before his investments plummeted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

John McAfee [True Crime Special]

In the early hours of 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales died in hospital after being injured in a car crash in a road tunnel in Paris, France. Her partner, Dodi Fayed, and their driver, Henri Paul, were pronounced dead at the scene. Their bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived serious injuries. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

In the early hours of 31 August 1997, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> died in hospital after being injured in a car crash in a road tunnel in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paris</a>, France. Her partner, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodi_Fayed" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Dodi Fayed</a>, and their driver, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Paul" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Henri Paul</a>, were pronounced dead at the scene. Their bodyguard, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Rees-Jones_(bodyguard)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Trevor Rees-Jones</a>, survived serious injuries. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

The Death of Princess Diana

This list of confidence tricks and scams should not be considered complete, but covers the most common examples. Confidence tricks and scams are difficult to classify, because they change often and often contain elements of more than one type. Throughout this list, the perpetrator of the confidence trick is called the "con artist" or simply "artist", and the intended victim is the "mark". Particular scams are mainly directed toward elderly people, as they may be credulous and sometimes inexperienced and/or insecure, especially when the scam involves modern technology such as computers and the internet.  Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

This list of confidence tricks and scams should not be considered complete, but covers the most common examples. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_tricks" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Confidence tricks</a> and scams are difficult to classify, because they change often and often contain elements of more than one type. Throughout this list, the perpetrator of the confidence trick is called the "con artist" or simply "artist", and the intended victim is the "mark". Particular scams are mainly directed toward elderly people, as they may be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credulity" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">credulous</a> and sometimes inexperienced and/or insecure, especially when the scam involves modern technology such as computers and the internet. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Common Scams and Cons

A code duello is a set of rules for a one-on-one combat, or duel. Codes duello regulate dueling and thus help prevent vendettas between families and other social factions. They ensure that non-violent means of reaching agreement be exhausted and that harm be reduced, both by limiting the terms of engagement and by providing medical care. Finally, they ensure that the proceedings have a number of witnesses. The witnesses could assure grieving members of factions of the fairness of the duel, and could help provide testimony if legal authorities become involved.   Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

A code duello is a set of rules for a one-on-one combat, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">duel</a>. Codes duello regulate dueling and thus help prevent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vendettas</a> between families and other social factions. They ensure that non-violent means of reaching agreement be exhausted and that harm be reduced, both by limiting the terms of engagement and by providing medical care. Finally, they ensure that the proceedings have a number of witnesses. The witnesses could assure grieving members of factions of the fairness of the duel, and could help provide testimony if legal authorities become involved. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Code Duello

This episode picks up on Wikipedia's list of unusual deaths, starting with the Medieval period. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

This episode picks up on Wikipedia's list of unusual deaths, starting with the Medieval period. --- Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

Unusual Deaths: Medieval Edition

The Boston Massacre was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston. The event was heavily publicized by leading Patriots such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams.[2][3][4] British troops had been stationed in the Province of Massachusetts Bay since 1768 in order to support crown-appointed officials and to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773.[1] The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts. American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. Demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company.  Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

The Boston Massacre was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Boston</a>. The event was heavily publicized by leading <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Patriots</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paul Revere</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Samuel Adams</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre#cite_note-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre#cite_note-4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[4]</a> British troops had been stationed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> since 1768 in order to support crown-appointed officials and to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. The Boston Tea Party was an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action#Violent_direct_action" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">political</a> and mercantile protest by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sons of Liberty</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Boston</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Massachusetts</a>, on December 16, 1773.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[1]</a> The target was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Act" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tea Act</a> of May 10, 1773, which allowed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">British East India Company</a> to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Acts" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Townshend Acts</a>. American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. Demonstrators, some disguised as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Native Americans</a>, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

The Boston Massacre and Tea Party

Gregor MacGregor

General Gregor MacGregor (24 December 1786 – 4 December 1845) was a Scottish soldier, adventurer, and confidence trickster who attempted from 1821 to 1837 to draw British and French investors and settlers to "Poyais", a fictional Central American territory that he claimed to rule as "Cazique". Hundreds invested their savings in supposed Poyaisian government bonds and land certificates, while about 250 emigrated to MacGregor's invented country in 1822–23 to find only an untouched jungle; more than half of them died. MacGregor's Poyais scheme has been called one of the most brazen confidence tricks in history.

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">General</a> Gregor MacGregor (24 December 1786 – 4 December 1845) was a Scottish soldier, adventurer, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">confidence trickster</a> who attempted from 1821 to 1837 to draw British and French investors and settlers to "Poyais", a fictional Central American territory that he claimed to rule as "Cazique". Hundreds invested their savings in supposed Poyaisian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_bond" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">government bonds</a> and land certificates, while about 250 emigrated to MacGregor's invented country in 1822–23 to find only an untouched jungle; more than half of them died. MacGregor's Poyais scheme has been called one of the most brazen confidence tricks in history.

The men's marathon at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis took place on August 30 of that year, over a distance of 24.85 miles (39.99 km).[2] Thirty-two athletes representing four nations competed, but only 14 managed to finish the race,[3] which proved to be a bizarre affair due to poor organization and officiating.[4]

The men's marathon at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">1904 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">St. Louis</a> took place on August 30 of that year, over a distance of 24.85 miles (39.99 km).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a> Thirty-two athletes representing four nations competed, but only 14 managed to finish the race,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon#cite_note-SR-3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[3]</a> which proved to be a bizarre affair due to poor organization and officiating.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon#cite_note-CBOTO-4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[4]</a>

1904 Olympic Marathon

 USS Indianapolis (CL/CA-35) was a Portland-class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy, named for the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. Launched in 1931, the vessel served as the flagship for the commander of Scouting Force 1 for eight years, then as flagship for Admiral Raymond Spruance in 1943 and 1944 while he commanded the Fifth Fleet in battles across the Central Pacific during World War II. In July 1945, Indianapolis completed a top-secret high-speed trip to deliver parts of Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon ever used in combat, to the United States Army Air Force Base on the island of Tinian, and subsequently departed for the Philippines on training duty. At 0015 on 30 July, the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I-58, and sank in 12 minutes. Of 1,195 crewmen aboard, approximately 300 went down with the ship.[4] The remaining 890 faced exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning, and shark attacks while stranded in the open ocean with few lifeboats and almost no food or water. The Navy only learned of the sinking four days later, when survivors were spotted by the crew of a PV-1 Ventura on routine patrol. Only 316 survived.[4] The sinking of Indianapolis resulted in the greatest single loss of life at sea, from a single ship, in the history of the US Navy.[a]   Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

USS Indianapolis (CL/CA-35) was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland-class_cruiser" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Portland-class</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">heavy cruiser</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">United States Navy</a>, named for the city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>. Launched in 1931, the vessel served as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">flagship</a> for the commander of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_Fleet" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Scouting Force 1</a> for eight years, then as flagship for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Admiral</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Raymond Spruance</a> in 1943 and 1944 while he commanded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fifth Fleet</a> in battles across the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Theater_of_World_War_II" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Central Pacific</a> during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World War II</a>. In July 1945, Indianapolis completed a top-secret high-speed trip to deliver parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Little Boy</a>, the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nuclear weapon</a> ever used in combat, to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_base" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">United States Army Air Force Base</a> on the island of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Tinian</a>, and subsequently departed for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Philippines</a> on training duty. At 0015 on 30 July, the ship was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">torpedoed</a> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> submarine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-58_(1943)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">I-58</a>, and sank in 12 minutes. Of 1,195 crewmen aboard, approximately 300 went down with the ship.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)#cite_note-NPRNeuman20180323-4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[4]</a> The remaining 890 faced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">exposure</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dehydration</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatremia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">saltwater poisoning</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_attack" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">shark attacks</a> while stranded in the open ocean with few lifeboats and almost no food or water. The Navy only learned of the sinking four days later, when survivors were spotted by the crew of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV-1_Ventura" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PV-1 Ventura</a> on routine patrol. Only 316 survived.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)#cite_note-NPRNeuman20180323-4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[4]</a> The sinking of Indianapolis resulted in the greatest single loss of life at sea, from a single ship, in the history of the US Navy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)#cite_note-5" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[a]</a> Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

The USS Indianapolis

The Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic. Lasting from January 1918 to December 1920, it infected 500 million people – about a quarter of the world's population at the time. The death toll is estimated to have been anywhere from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history.[2]

The Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu pandemic, was an unusually deadly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_pandemic" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">influenza pandemic</a>. Lasting from January 1918 to December 1920, it infected 500 million people – about a quarter of the world's population at the time. The death toll is estimated to have been anywhere from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pandemics" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">deadliest pandemics</a> in human history.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[2]</a>

The Spanish Flu

William Penn

William Penn Patrick (March 31, 1930 – June 9, 1973) was an American entrepreneur and businessman. He was the owner of Holiday Magic, Leadership Dynamics, and Mind Dynamics. Patrick was a proponent of the sour grapes philosophy, and has been widely quoted as stating: "Those who condemn wealth are those who have none and see no chance of getting it."[4] Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

William Penn Patrick (March 31, 1930 – June 9, 1973) was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">American</a> entrepreneur and businessman. He was the owner of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Magic" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Holiday Magic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_Dynamics" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Leadership Dynamics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Dynamics" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mind Dynamics</a>. Patrick was a proponent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Grapes#Sour_grapes" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">sour grapes</a> philosophy, and has been widely quoted as stating: "Those who condemn wealth are those who have none and see no chance of getting it."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn_Patrick#cite_note-4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[4]</a> Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find <a href="https://www.patreon.com/citationpod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our Patreon page here</a>.  Be sure to check <a href="http://citationpod.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">our website</a> for more details.

William Penn Patrick, Multi-Level Marketing Pioneer

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